帮我翻翻这个,A nickname is a shortened form of a person's name.A n

帮我翻翻这个,
A nickname is a shortened form of a person's name.A nickname also can be a descriptive name for a person,place or thing.Many American cities have nicknames.These can help establish an identity,spread pride among citizens and build unity.
A few years ago,some marketing and advertising experts were asked to name the best nickname for an American city.The winner was the nation's largest city,New York.The top nickname was The Big Apple.
You might wonder how New York got this nickname.In the early nineteen seventies,the city had many problems.The number of visitors was falling.So a campaign was launched to give the city a new image.The head of the New York Conventions and Visitors Bureau decided to call the city,The Big Apple.
There are several explanations for where this name came from.Language expert Barry Popik studied the question and wrote about it on his Web site.He says John Fitz Gerald,a writer for a New York newspaper,used the name The Big Apple to mean New York in the nineteen twenties.Mister Fitz Gerald wrote about horse races.He heard the name used by men who worked at a racetrack in New Orleans,Louisiana.
Mister Fitz Gerald wrote:"The Big Apple.The dream of every lad that ever threw a leg over a thoroughbred and the goal of all horsemen.There's only one Big Apple.That's New York."
In horse racing,the expression meant "the big time," the place where large amounts of money could be won.The Big Apple became the name of a night club in the Harlem area of New York City in nineteen thirty-four.It also was the name of a popular dance and a hit song in the nineteen thirties.
But it is not the only nickname for America's largest city.Barry Popik's web site lists almost one hundred nicknames that describe New York.The best known are The Capital of the World.Empire City.Gotham.The City So Nice They Named it Twice.And,The City That Never Sleeps.You can hear about the city in the song,"New York,New York," by Frank Sinatra.

绰号是人名字的简写形式.绰号还可以用来描述一个人、地方或事物.许多美国城市都有别称.这些可以帮助人们把它们区别开来,在市民有自豪感并增加凝聚力.
几年前,有人要市场营销与广告专家们评出美国城市的最佳别称.获胜的是美国最大的城市,纽约市.获奖的别称是“大苹果”.
你可能不禁要问,纽约的别称是怎样得名的呢?早在二十世纪七十年代,这座城市面临许多问题.游客人数在下降.因此,纽约发起了一场运动,要为该市树立一个新的形象.纽约会展中心与旅游局主任决定送给该市的绰号为“大苹果”.
至于这一名字的来历有多种版本.语言专家巴里波皮克研究了这一问题并在他的网站上给出他的解释.他说,纽约一家报社的作家约翰菲茨杰罗德用“大苹果”指代表二十世纪二十年代的纽约市.菲茨杰罗德先生写过赛马.他在路易斯安纳州的新奥尔良市的一个赛马场曾听到那里的人们用过这个名字.
菲茨杰罗德先生写道：“重大比赛,是每一个骑过纯种马的少年也是所有骑师的梦想.只有一个大苹果,那就是纽约市.”
在赛马中,这一术语的意思是“重大比赛”,这里可以赢大钱.大苹果于一九三四年成为纽约市地区贫民窟一家夜总会的名字.它也是二十世纪三十年代一首流行舞曲和畅销歌曲的曲名.
但它不是美国最大城市的唯一别称.巴里波皮克的网站上列出了大约一百个描写纽约市的别称.最著名的有“世界大都会”、“都市帝国”、“友好城市”（这个名字他们用过两次）以及“不眠夜”.在弗兰克•辛纳特拉演唱的歌曲“纽约,纽约”中可以听到这座城市.
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