作业帮请英语大神帮忙翻译一下 万谢!
来源：学生作业帮 编辑：作业帮 分类：英语作业 时间：2024/10/03 01:41:31
请英语大神帮忙翻译一下 万谢!
1.
Cereal crops are grown for their edible fruit, botanically called a caryopsis but popularly referred to as a grain, a kernel, or a seed. The seed is a single fruit consisting of two major components, the endosperm and the embryo or germ. The endosperm is stored food and comprises the bulk of the seed. It may be used for human food purposes or by the embryo as an energy source for germination. It is not surprising, then, that cereal crops are of universal importance in meeting human’ food needs.
Endosperm development is initiated by the fusion of the sperm nuclei in the pollen with two polar nuclei in the ovary. Essentially, double fertilization is required for cereal seed development.
The endosperm is encased by an outer wall called the pericarp that develops from the ovary wall. Under the pericarp is a semipermeable layer called the testa that surrounds the embryo and is derived from the inner ovary wall. The testa is permeable to water but not to dissolved salts and is important for germination.
All cereal crops are monocotyledonous plants having one cotyledon in the seed in contrast to dicotyledonous plants, such as soybean, flax, buckwheat, peanut, or bean, which have two cotyledons. The cereal cotyledon is sometimes called a seed leaf and botanically is a scutellum rather than a cotyledon.
2
High yields are obtained when crop producers match good management with genetically superior cultivars. However, the best cultural practices cannot overcome genetic deficiencies; the best genotype cannot overcome cultural deficiencies. The science of genetics therefore, is not reserved for specialists in the field of plant breeding, cytology, physiology, and biochemistry but is necessary to growers for the understanding of many aspects associated with cereal crops.
Seed growers who multiply the basic seed stocks developed by plant breeders need knowledge of genetics and heredity to assure that agricultural, legal, and certification standards of the country are met. An understanding of how off-types or rogues emerge is essential. Hybrid-seed producers must understand how genetic traits are transmitted and all aspects of hybrid-seed production. Hybrid-seed growers must appreciate the implications of producing second-generation seed.
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), an Austrian monk, is known as the father of genetics. Mendel experimented with hereditary traits in the common garden pea. Although he published his results in 1865 (Mendel, 1930), His work was overshadowed by the fiercely debated question of evolution. It was not until the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws in 1900 that genetics attracted attention that led to the development of hybrid corn in 1917.
请不要直接用翻译软件
1.
Cereal crops are grown for their edible fruit, botanically called a caryopsis but popularly referred to as a grain, a kernel, or a seed. The seed is a single fruit consisting of two major components, the endosperm and the embryo or germ. The endosperm is stored food and comprises the bulk of the seed. It may be used for human food purposes or by the embryo as an energy source for germination. It is not surprising, then, that cereal crops are of universal importance in meeting human’ food needs.
Endosperm development is initiated by the fusion of the sperm nuclei in the pollen with two polar nuclei in the ovary. Essentially, double fertilization is required for cereal seed development.
The endosperm is encased by an outer wall called the pericarp that develops from the ovary wall. Under the pericarp is a semipermeable layer called the testa that surrounds the embryo and is derived from the inner ovary wall. The testa is permeable to water but not to dissolved salts and is important for germination.
All cereal crops are monocotyledonous plants having one cotyledon in the seed in contrast to dicotyledonous plants, such as soybean, flax, buckwheat, peanut, or bean, which have two cotyledons. The cereal cotyledon is sometimes called a seed leaf and botanically is a scutellum rather than a cotyledon.
2
High yields are obtained when crop producers match good management with genetically superior cultivars. However, the best cultural practices cannot overcome genetic deficiencies; the best genotype cannot overcome cultural deficiencies. The science of genetics therefore, is not reserved for specialists in the field of plant breeding, cytology, physiology, and biochemistry but is necessary to growers for the understanding of many aspects associated with cereal crops.
Seed growers who multiply the basic seed stocks developed by plant breeders need knowledge of genetics and heredity to assure that agricultural, legal, and certification standards of the country are met. An understanding of how off-types or rogues emerge is essential. Hybrid-seed producers must understand how genetic traits are transmitted and all aspects of hybrid-seed production. Hybrid-seed growers must appreciate the implications of producing second-generation seed.
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), an Austrian monk, is known as the father of genetics. Mendel experimented with hereditary traits in the common garden pea. Although he published his results in 1865 (Mendel, 1930), His work was overshadowed by the fiercely debated question of evolution. It was not until the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws in 1900 that genetics attracted attention that led to the development of hybrid corn in 1917.
请不要直接用翻译软件
1
种植谷类作物是为了得到可食用的水果,植物学上称为颖国,但普遍被称做谷粒、内核或者种子.种子是由两个主要部分组成的单一水果,这两个部分是胚乳,以及胚胎或胚芽.胚乳用于贮存食物,组成种子的主体.它可以用作人类的食物或者通过胚胎作为种子萌发的能量来源.这并不让人惊讶.因为谷类作物在满足人类食物需求上起到普遍的重要作用.
胚乳的发育最熟是通过融合花粉中的精原核和子房中的两个极核.在本质上,谷物种子的发育需要双受精.胚乳被一层外墙包围,这层外墙称为果皮,从子房壁发育而来.在果皮下的半透层,称为种皮.种皮由内子房壁分离而来,包围着胚胎.种皮可以进行水的渗透,但是不溶解盐,这对于种子萌发来说是很重要的.
所有谷类作物都是单子叶植物,在种子中只有一片子叶.这一点有别于双子叶植物,如大豆、亚麻、荞麦、花生、豆类都具有两片子叶.谷类子叶有时被称为种子叶.在植物学上称为胚子叶而不是子叶.
2
当谷物的种植者应用比培养变种更优良的基因管理方式时,可以得到高产量作物.然而,最好的文化实践并不能克服遗传缺陷.最好的基因型不能克服文化缺陷.因此,遗传学并不是植物育种、细胞学、生理学和生化学领域的专门研究,而是需要种植者理解与谷物种植相关联的方方面面.
增加植物育种所需要的基础种子储备需要基因和遗传的知识,以确保满足农业、法律和国家认证标准.了解如何排除非正常或劣质品种的出现是至关重要的.杂交种子的生产者必须明白基因特性如何遗传,以及杂交种子生产的各方各面.杂交种子的种植者必须鉴别第二代种子生产的影响.
孟德尔（1822-1884）,一个奥地利僧侣,被称为遗传学之父.孟德尔用花园里常见的豌豆进行遗传特征的实验.尽管他在1865年发表了他的结果（孟德尔,1930年）,但是他的工作因为对进化问题的激烈争论而黯然失色.直到1900年孟德尔定律的发现,基因开始受到关注,进而导致1917年杂交玉米的开发.
种植谷类作物是为了得到可食用的水果,植物学上称为颖国,但普遍被称做谷粒、内核或者种子.种子是由两个主要部分组成的单一水果,这两个部分是胚乳,以及胚胎或胚芽.胚乳用于贮存食物,组成种子的主体.它可以用作人类的食物或者通过胚胎作为种子萌发的能量来源.这并不让人惊讶.因为谷类作物在满足人类食物需求上起到普遍的重要作用.
胚乳的发育最熟是通过融合花粉中的精原核和子房中的两个极核.在本质上,谷物种子的发育需要双受精.胚乳被一层外墙包围,这层外墙称为果皮,从子房壁发育而来.在果皮下的半透层,称为种皮.种皮由内子房壁分离而来,包围着胚胎.种皮可以进行水的渗透,但是不溶解盐,这对于种子萌发来说是很重要的.
所有谷类作物都是单子叶植物,在种子中只有一片子叶.这一点有别于双子叶植物,如大豆、亚麻、荞麦、花生、豆类都具有两片子叶.谷类子叶有时被称为种子叶.在植物学上称为胚子叶而不是子叶.
2
当谷物的种植者应用比培养变种更优良的基因管理方式时,可以得到高产量作物.然而,最好的文化实践并不能克服遗传缺陷.最好的基因型不能克服文化缺陷.因此,遗传学并不是植物育种、细胞学、生理学和生化学领域的专门研究,而是需要种植者理解与谷物种植相关联的方方面面.
增加植物育种所需要的基础种子储备需要基因和遗传的知识,以确保满足农业、法律和国家认证标准.了解如何排除非正常或劣质品种的出现是至关重要的.杂交种子的生产者必须明白基因特性如何遗传,以及杂交种子生产的各方各面.杂交种子的种植者必须鉴别第二代种子生产的影响.
孟德尔（1822-1884）,一个奥地利僧侣,被称为遗传学之父.孟德尔用花园里常见的豌豆进行遗传特征的实验.尽管他在1865年发表了他的结果（孟德尔,1930年）,但是他的工作因为对进化问题的激烈争论而黯然失色.直到1900年孟德尔定律的发现,基因开始受到关注,进而导致1917年杂交玉米的开发.