英语翻译Ghostwriters are widely used by celebrities or public fi

英语翻译
Ghostwriters are widely used by celebrities or public figures who wish to publish their autobiographies （自传）．The degree of involvement of the ghostwriter in nonfiction writing projects ranges from minor to significant．Various sources explain the role of the ghostwriter and how competent （能胜任的） writers can get this kind of work．In some cases,a ghostwriter may be called in just to clean up,edit,and polish a rough draft of an autobiography or a "how-to" book．In other cases,the ghostwriter will write an entire book or article based on information,stories,notes,and an outline,interviews with the celebrity or public figure．The credited authors also indicate to the ghostwriter what type of style,tone,or "voice" they want in the book．
　　Celebrity books are usually ghostwritten in the first perso n （I did this and that） or the third person （David Pardon asked the group to recommend someone etc．）．
　　In some cases,such as with some "how-to" books,diet guides,or cookbooks,a book will be entirely written by a ghostwriter,and the celebrity （e．g．a well-known musician or sports star） will be credited as author．Publishing companies use this method to increase the marketability of a book by associating it with a celebrity or well-known figure．In several countries before elections,candidates employ ghostwriters to produce autobiographies for them so as to gain visibility and exposure．Two of John F．Ke nnedy's bo oks were almost entirely ghostwritten．Former President Ronald Reagan also released a ghostwritten autobiography．
　　A consultant or career-switcher may pay to have a book ghostwritten on a topic in their professional area,to establish or enhance their credibility as an "expert" in their field．For example,a su ccessful salesperson hopi ng to become an inspiring speaker on selling may pay a ghostwriter to write a book on sales techniques．Often this type of book is published in the vanity press,which means that the author is paying to have the book published．This type of book is typically given away to potential clients （客户） as a promotional tool,rather than being sold in bookstores．

通常名人和社会名流在出自传的时候都会用代笔人.代笔人在写实作品的参与程度各有不同.代笔人起什么角色和能胜任的代笔人是如何取得这种工作的问题可以通过不同方面来解释.在一些情况下,代笔人只起到修整,编辑和润饰自传或指导类书籍的初稿的角色,在另一些情况下,代笔人会根据提供的信息、故事、笔记、提纲和名人名流的采访来撰写整本书.名义作者也会给代笔人指示他们期望书中的风格、语调和观点.
名人的传记通常都是通过第一人称（例如我做了什么什么）或第三人称（例如大卫·柏盾让团组推荐一个人等等）由代笔人代写的.
有一些情况,例如指导类书籍 —— 饮食指导、烹调类书目,此类书的整一本都会是代笔人代谢的,而该名人（如一位著名的音乐家或运动员）就会作为该书的名义作家.出版公司会利用把一本书和名人名流的联系起来这样的方式来使这本书的市场性增值.在一些国家总统选举之前,候选人会雇佣代笔人为其写自传以增加曝光率.约翰·肯尼迪的两本书都几乎是正本代写的.前任总统里根也出过为其代写的自传.
咨询师或转行专家也会雇佣代笔人代写某一专题或专业领域的书,以达到建立其领域专家的可信度.举个例子,一个成功的销售人员希望可以成为一为励志的演说家,他会雇佣代笔人代写一本关于销售技巧的书.这类书籍通常都是通过专为著者自费印制书籍的出版社出版的,然后作为一种推销手段免费派发给潜在客户,而不是放到书店中卖.