英语翻译Behavioral psychology,also known as behaviorism,is a the

英语翻译
Behavioral psychology,also known as behaviorism,is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.According to behaviorism,behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.
There are two major types of conditioning:
1.Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response.Next,a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus.Eventually,the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus.The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response.
2.Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.Through operant conditioning,an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
Major Thinkers in Behaviorism
• Ivan Pavlov
• B.F.Skinner
• Edward Thorndike
• John B.Watson
• Clark Hull
Important Events in Behaviorism
• 1863 - Ivan Sechenov's Reflexes of the Brain was published.Sechenov introduced the concept of inhibitory responses in the central nervous system.
• 1900 - Ivan Pavlov began studying the salivary response and other reflexes.
• 1913 - John Watson's Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It was published.The article outlined the many of the main points of behaviorism.
• 1920 - Watson and assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted the famous "Little Albert" experiment.
• 1943 - Clark Hull's Principles of Behavior was published.
• 1948 - B.F.Skinner published Walden II in which he described a utopian society founded upon behaviorist principles.
• 1959 - Noam Chomsky published his criticism of Skinner's behaviorism,"Review of Verbal Behavior."
• 1971 - B.F.Skinner published his book Beyond Freedom and Dignity,where he argues that free will is an illusion.
Criticisms of Behaviorism
• Many critics argue that behaviorism is a one-dimensional approach to behavior and that behavioral theories do not account for free will and internal influences such as moods,thoughts,and feelings.
• Behaviorism does not account for other types of learning,especially learning that occurs without the use of reinforcements or punishments.
• People and animals are able to adapt their behavior when new information is introduced,even if a previous behavior pattern has been established through reinforcement.

行为的心理,也被称为行为主义理论的学习,是基于这个想法,所有的行为都通过调节.通过调节发生相互作用的环境中.按照行为学、行为都可以用系统以及可观察到的方式与内在的心理状态.
有两种主要的类型的空调.
1.经典的调节是一种利用行为训练中乙酰胆碱是有刺激的反应.接下来,先前的中立的刺激是伴随自然状态下的刺激.最后,在先前的中立的刺激的反应来唤起不在场的自然状态下的刺激.这两种元素则称为制约刺激,有条件的反应.
2.说到底说到底(有时称为工具)是一种学习方式,它是通过奖惩行为.说到底,通过一个协会是由一个行为与结果之间的那种行为.
主要的思想家在行动
伊万·巴甫洛夫
b·斯金纳
爱德华·桑戴克
约翰b沃森
克拉克·赫尔
行为主义的重要事件
1863年-伊万Sechenov大脑的反应已出版了.Sechenov抑制反应的概念在中枢神经系统.
1900 -伊万·巴甫洛夫开始学习的唾液响应和其他的反应能力.
1913年,约翰·沃特森的心理观作为一种行为是出版.本文概述了许多要点的行为.
1920 -沃森和辅助活动进行了著名的“?瑞娜小阿尔伯特”的实验.
1943 -克拉克·赫尔的原则的行为被出版.
1948 - B.F.斯金纳出版,他描述了多少II的一种乌托邦式的社会行为原则之上.
1959年-乔姆斯基出版了他的批评,斯金纳的行为,言语行为的回顾.”
1971 - B.F.斯金纳出版他的书之外,他的自由和尊严的主张自由意志是一个错觉.
行为主义批评
许多评论家认为是一维的行为方式和行为理论的行为不占自由意志和内在的影响,例如情绪、想法和感情.
行动并不占了其他类型的学习,尤其是学习时,不使用增援和惩罚.
人和动物都能改变他们的行为,当新信息介绍,即使一个先前的行为模式已经建立了通过强化.