英语翻译土木工程概论论文---建筑抗震由于地球不断运动和变化,逐渐积累了巨大的能量,在地壳某些脆弱地带,造成岩层突然发生

英语翻译
土木工程概论论文
---建筑抗震
由于地球不断运动和变化,逐渐积累了巨大的能量,在地壳某些脆弱地带,造成岩层突然发生破裂,或者引发原有断层的错动,就产生地震.地震绝大部分都发生在地壳中.
中国是一个多地震的国家,从1966 年的邢台地震到1976 年的唐山大地震,中国几乎每年有一个7 级左右的大地震.我国位于全球两大地震构造系的交汇区域：其一：环太平洋地震构造系,（占50%全球总地震）其二：北纬20°～50°之间大陆（占90%全球总地震）.所以做好建筑的抗震工作是非常有必要的.
地震来临,主要造成地面破坏,地面裂缝、错动、塌陷、喷水冒砂,建筑物与构筑物的破坏:房屋倒塌、桥梁断落、水坝开裂,山体等自然物的破坏.如山崩、滑坡,而造成人员伤亡的还是在城市密集建筑物区,房屋不倒,则受灾人员有更多的时间进行逃生.
我国建房的准则是“小震不坏,中震可修,大震不倒.”
当遭受低于本地区抗震设防烈度的多遇地震影响时,一般不受损坏或不需修理可继续使用.
当遭受相当于本地区抗震设防烈度的地震影响时,可能损坏,经一般修理或不需修理仍可继续使用.
当遭受高于本地区抗震设防烈度的预估的罕遇地震影响时,不致倒塌或发生危及生命的严重破坏.
地震作用下,钢筋混凝土结构的地震反应有下列特点：
1、地震作用越大,房屋的抗震要求越高；地震作用与烈度、场地等有关,从经济角度考虑,对不同烈度、场地的结构的抗震要求可以有明显的差别.
2、结构的抗震能力主要取决于主要抗侧力构件的性能；主、次抗侧力构件的抗震要求应有差别.
3、房屋越高,地震反应越大,位移延性要求越高.
为了体现在同样烈度情况下不同的结构体系、不同高度和不同场地有不同的抗震要求,抗震等级的提出.抗震等级是确定结构构件抗震计算和抗震措施的标准.根据设防烈度、房屋高度、建筑类别、结构类型确定,共分四个等级,一级最高.
为了达到最好的抗震效果.建筑结构布局最好规则点,对称.竖直方向应当尽量均匀变化,使结构的刚度沿竖向均匀.
为了充分发挥整个结构的抗震能力,较合理的地震破坏机制应为节点基本不破坏,梁比柱的屈服能早发生、多发生；同一层中,各柱两端屈服历程越长越好；底层柱底的塑性铰宜最晚发生.梁柱端的塑性铰出现得尽可能分散.抗震墙的各墙段（包括小开洞墙和联肢墙肢）的高宽比不宜小于2,使其成弯剪破坏.连梁宜在梁端塑性屈服,且有足够的变形能力,在墙段充分发挥抗震作用前不失效.
高层建筑宜选用合理的建筑结构方案,当建筑平面过长、结构单元的结构体系不同、高度和刚度相差过大以及各结构单元的地基条件有较大差异时,应考虑设防震缝.
设置抗震墙也是建筑一种抗震的措施.抗震墙布置的基本原则：框架-抗震墙结构中的抗震墙宜沿主轴方向双向布置,贯通房屋全高,且横向与纵向抗震墙宜相连,互为翼墙,以提高其刚度和承载能力.抗震墙的一般布置原则是“均匀、分散、对称、周边”.抗震墙布置位置的选择：一般情况下,宜布置在竖向荷载较大处,平面形状变化处和楼梯间、电梯间等.房屋较长时,纵向抗震墙不易设置在端开间.为了保证抗震墙具有足够的的延性,不发生脆性的剪切破坏,每一道抗震墙（包括单片墙、小开口墙和联肢墙）不应过长.
以下是世界著名建筑抗震方案设计：日本神户地震后灾民临时住宅.

以下翻译来自有道词典,可以参考一下
Civil engineering introduction papers
- antidetonation
As the earth constant motion and change, gradually accumulated tremendous energy in the earth's crust, some vulnerability zones, causing strata suddenly burst, or trigger original fault rupture, it produces an earthquake. The earthquake happened in the majority in the crust.
China is an earthquake country, from the 1966 xingtai earthquakes to the 1976 tangshan earthquake, China almost every year there is a 7 kyu large earthquake. Our country is located on the two large earthquakes tectonic intersection area is: firstly, the Pacific seismic tectonic department, (50% global total earthquake) second: latitude 20 ° ~ 50 ° between mainland China (90 percent of the world's earthquake). So do architectural seismic work is very necessary.
An earthquake comes, mainly caused by the ground damage, the ground fissures and rupture, subsidence, spraying sand, buildings and structures at the destructive: houses collapsed, Bridges, DAMS and break fall mountain natural objects such as cracking of destruction. Such as landslide, landslide, while causing casualties or dense buildings in urban area, houses, the affected people have undeniable more time for escape.
Our country builds a rule is "small earthquakes are not bad, shock of repairable, practically diametre."
When a below the region seismic fortification intensity of more severe earthquake influence, the general are not damaged or does not need to repair can continue to use.
When a equivalent to the region seismic fortification intensity of earthquake effects, may be damaged by general repair or does not need to repair still can continue to use.
When a higher than the region seismic fortification intensity of estimate of the rarely met earthquake affected, and not collapsed or happen life-threatening serious damage.
Earthquake effect, reinforced concrete structural seismic response has the following features:
1, earthquake, the greater the role of houses seismic requirements for higher; Seismic action and intensity, venues and other relevant, from the view of economic, of different intensity, site of the aseismic requirements can have obvious difference.
2, the aseismic capacity mainly depends on the main antioxidant lateral force component performance, Lord, times resist lateral force component seismic requirements for due difference.
3, houses, the higher the seismic response, the greater the displacement ductility requirement is higher.
In order to reflect on the same intensity cases of different structure, different height and different sites have different seismic requirements, the seismic grade was proposed. Seismic grade is to determine the structure component earthquake-resistant calculation and aseismatic measures of the standard. According to the fortification intensity, housing height, building types, structure types sure, is divided into four grades, the highest level.
In order to achieve the best seismic effects. Building structure and layout of best rules point, should be simple, symmetrical. Vertical direction should as far as possible even change, make the structure stiffness along the vertical evenly.
In order to fully play the whole structure seismic capability, more reasonable earthquake damage mechanism should be node without destroying, basic than column of the yield of beam can occurs earlier, much to occur, The same layer, each column ends yield course as long as possible, Bottom column bottom of plastic hinge appropriate most night happen. The plastic hinge beam-column appear as much as possible scattered. Each of the aseismic walls wall sections (including small open hole wall and united limb wall limb) height-width ratio of not less than 2, caused it to become curved shear destruction. Even in LiangYi adopted.post plastic yield, and has adequate deformation capacity, in wall section fully exert seismic action before failure.
High-rise building appropriate chooses reasonable construction structure scheme, when building plane is too long, structure unit structure system of different, height and stiffness are too large and the structure unit foundation conditions have bigger difference, should consider a shockproof seam.
Setting wall is building a seismic aseismatic measures. The basic principles of the aseismic walls decorated with frame-shear wall structure: the aseismic walls along the axis direction should decorate, transfixion all two-way houses is high, and vertical and horizontal seismic wall should be connected and reciprocally wing wall, so as to improve its stiffness and carrying capacity. The general aseismic walls decorated principle is "evenness, decentralization, symmetry, perimeter". Aseismic walls decorated location choice: normally, appropriate decorates in the vertical load, a large planar shape place and stairwells, elevator, etc. Building a long, longitudinal aseismic walls not easily installed in the bay. In order to guarantee the aseismic walls have enough of ductility, not occur fragile shear destruction, eery aseismic walls (including monolithic wall, small openings walls and united limb wall) should not be too long.
The following is a world famous buildings aseismic design: kobe, Japan after the earthquake victims temporary residence.