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词语性质

来源:学生作业帮 编辑:作业帮 分类:英语作业 时间:2024/10/04 22:05:15
介词的详细讲解,谢谢老师
解题思路: 介词用法
解题过程:
英语中常用的介词可以分为以下几类:
一 表示时间的词:at,in,on,before,after,by,(from~)to,until/till,within,for,during,through,from,since等
1.表示年、月、日、时刻等用at,in,on
a).at:用于表示时刻、时间的某一点,或重大节日之前
at noon正午时
at night在夜间
at present目前
at Christmas 在圣诞节
at nine(o’clock)在九点钟
We usually have lunch at noon(at twelve)
我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃午饭)
b).on:用于某天,某一天的上、下午(指具体的某一天时,一律用on)
泛指一般的上午(下午)时用in,但特指某日的上午(下午)时用on
in the morning
在早上
on sunday morning
在周日早上
on Monday在周一
on Tuesday morning在周二早上
on June 6在6月6日
on May 4,1996在1996年5月4日
on a cold night在一个寒冷的夜晚
on the night of July(the) first
在七月一日的夜晚
We didn't listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon
上周三下午我们没去听演讲。
在重大节日前也可用on 如: on Christmas Eve 在圣诞前夜
c).in:用于表示周、月、季节、年,泛指的上午、下午、晚上。
in the week在这周
in May在五月
in spring在春季
in 1995在1995年
in September,1995在1995年9月
in the morning在上午
in the afternoon在下午
in the evening在晚上
People go skating in winter
人们冬天去滑冰。
2.表示期限等用before,(from)to,by,until,till
a) before指“在……之前”
 Please come before ten o’clock.请10点以前来
b).by:在……前(时间);截至(到)……
How many English books had you read by the end of last year?
到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书?
表示“在……以前”时,before与by基本可通用。但by还有“截至……为止”之意,此时可与完成时连用,而before一般不与完成时连用。如:
 How many models have you made by the end of last month?
 截至上月底你做了多少个模型?
c).until(till):直到……为止(时间)
by和until by seven o'clock截至(到)7点钟(一般和完成时连用)
until seven o'clock直到7点(7点以前)
由until(till)形成的句子,句中的动词如果是点动词,则必须用否定句
We didn't begin to watch TV until(till) nine o'clock.(begin是点动词,即短暂性动词,所以用否定式)
一直到九点,我们才开始看电视。
I'll wait for him until he comes here
我将在这儿一直等到他来。
(wait是延续动词,用肯定式)
until和till可以通用。它们可以作连词(见上例)而by不能作连词。
另外将to和until/till做个比较:
to可以用于时间和地点之前;till/until只用于时间之前。可以用from…to或 from…till/until结构:
They worked from five to ten/from five till ten.
他们从5点工作到10点。(注意勿与at five to ten混淆,后者意为9点55分。)
但如果句中没有from,就要用till/until而不用to:
Let’s start now and work till dark.
让我们现在开始工作一直到天黑。(这里不能用to。)
till/until常常和否定意义的动词连用,以表示强调时间晚了:
We didn’t get home till 2 a.m.
我们一直到凌晨两点钟才到家。
He usually pays me on Friday but last week he didn’t pay me till the fol-lowing Monday.
他一般在星期五付给我钱,但上星期他一直到第二周的星期一才把钱给我。
till/until也常用做时间连词:
We’ll stay here till it stops raining.
我们将要呆在这里一直到雨停了。
Go on till you come to the level crossing.
一直走到火车道口的地方。
注意:如果省略了 you come to,那么就要由 to来代替till:
Go on to the level crossing.(因为to后面可以接地点,而until/till不可以)
一直走到火车道口的地方。
3.表示期间等用for,during,through
a)for引导一段时间,强调时间由始至终,可译为“(时间)长达……”,一般与有长度的时间短语连用,如for three weeks,for a long time等,可用于现在(过去)完成时或过去时的句子里。for:达……之久(表示经过了多少时间)
可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用,但经常和完成时连用。
He has lived here for 20 years.
他在这儿已经住了二十年了。
We will stay in the city for two days.
我们要在那里呆两天。
for a year 一年
for a few days几天
for twenty weeks 二十周
during the lesson 上课期间
during the war (the night)
战争期间,夜间 (一整夜)
b)during意为“在……(时间)内”的行为或状态,与一段时间的整体连用。如:during the spring,during last year,during 1980等,也可以和表示延续性事件的名词连用,如during my childhood,during our stay,during his visit等,一般不用于现在完成时的句子里
They are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays.
暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。
for之后大多跟表示时间、天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。
c)through:一直……(从开始到结束)
They played the cards through the night.
他们打了一整夜的牌。
4 表示时间的起点等用 from, since
a)from:从……起(时间)
表示从……开始时,一般都是用词组from…to…,而单纯表示确切的从几点开始时用at。
The meeting will be held from eight to ten.
这个会议将从8点开到10点。
The meeting will be held at eight.
会议将在八点钟开始。
The exam will start from 9:00am.
考试将从上午九点开始。
b)since:自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)
I have been sick since yesterday.
我从昨天就病了。(一直到现在)
The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.(since作连词)
这个医生自当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。
since表示时间时,一般只用于完成时的句子;而from也用于现在时、过去时及将来时态。
另外since与时间点连用,from与时间段连用,since还可以作连词,而from则不可以,它只能作介词。
for two hours(持续)两小时
since last week自从上周直到现在
5.表示时间的经过等用after,in,within
a)after表示“在……之后”,是before的反义词。
 We’ll hold a party after dinner.晚餐后我们将举办晚会。
 He got a cancer and died after a year.他患了癌症,一年后去世了。
 I’ll phone you after 1 arrive.到达后我给你打电话。(after作连词)
b)in:过……后(未来时间)
如果用于过去时,用after +时间。
She went to Nanjing last May,and she came back after a month.
去年五月她去了南京,一个月之后她又回来了。
大多用在将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)。
in an hour 一小时之后
in a week or so 一个多星期之后
He will be back in five hours.
他五小时之后回来。
They said they would arrive here in a week.
他们说他们一周后到达。
比较after与in
 ①after后可跟时间段,也可跟时间点,如after school(放学后),而in后必须跟一段时间,如in an hour(一小时后)。
 ②after既可用于将来时,也可用于过去时,而in只能用于将来时。
 ③after既可作介词,又可作连词,而in只能作介词②in“在……时间之后”
 I’ll arrive in an hour.我一小时后到达
c).within:不超过……的范围
within和in with in强调在……时间之内,没有时态的限制。
in是以现在为基准,in an hour是指从现在起1小时之后,所以一般只用于将来时。
within 3 hours 3小时之内
I must finish painting the cat within five minutes.
我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。
They worked hard. They finished the work within 2 days at last.
他们努力工作,结果终于他们在两天之内完成了这项工作。
in与within后都必须跟时间段
二 表示“地点、方向”的介词:
1.in,outside,between, among
a)in表示“在……里面”,如:
 What’s in the box? 盒子里是什么?
 She put her book in the desk. 她把书放进了书桌。
b)outside指“在……外面”
 There are many people outside the room.房间外有很多人。
 What did your see outside the hall? 你在大厅外看见了什么?
c)between在……之间(指二者)
 There is a hospital between the hotel and the post office.在宾馆与邮局之间有所医院。
 The building stands between the park and the small river. 那栋建筑位于公园和小河之间。  
 between是指“在两者之间”,而among指“在多个之间”。
d)among在……之间(指三者以上)
“There is a thief among you.” The policeman shouted to the crowd.
 警察向人群喊道:“你们中间有个小偷!”
 He found his place among the crowd. 他在人群中找到了他的位置。
如果指三个以上人或物中的每两个之间时,仍然要用between。例如:
Switzerland lies between France,Italy,Austria and Germany.瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间
2.on, above, over, below, under
a)on在……上面,表面相互接触。
 There is an apple on the table. 桌上有一个苹果。
 On the top of the hill, there is a flag. 山顶有一面旗子。
b)above只表示“在……上方或位置高出……”,与below相对。
 A plane flew above our heads.一架飞机从我们头上飞过。
 The Turners live above us. 特纳一家人住在我们的上面。
c)over“在……正上方”,与under相对。
 There is a bridge over the river.河上有一座桥。
 The picture is hanging over the blackboard. 那张图挂在黑板的正上方。
d)below在……下方,低于……
 There are many flowers below the window.窗下有很多花。
 Her skirt reaches just below her knees.她的裙子刚到膝盖下。
e)under在……正下方
 They sat under a big tree, drinking.他们坐在一棵大树下喝酒。
 What are you wearing under your coat? 你外套里面穿了什么?
3.near, by, beside,about
a)near在……附近,与far相对
 A hospital was built near the railway station.在火车站附近建了一所医院。
 My hone is near he school. 我的家离学校很近。
b)by = beside,靠近,在……旁边,比near距离更近 
 He just sat by/ beside me in the cinema.在电影院他就坐在我旁边。
 He lay down beside the statuary. 他在雕像旁躺下了。
c)about作“在……各处;到处;在……附近”讲
She walked about the town with her mother.她跟她妈在街上到处走
There is a crowd of people about him.一群人围着他
Do you happen to have an umbrella about you?你身边碰巧带有雨伞吗?
4.in front of, behind, around
a)in front of在……前面
 A river flows in front of the house.房子前有一条河
 They put a bunch of flowers in front of the door. 他们在门前放了一束花。     
 in the front of表示“在……前部”,指里面。
 There is a red chair in the front of the room.在房间前半部有把红椅子。
b)behind在……后面
 A high building stands behind the village.村子后面有一高层建筑。
 The cat lies behind the door. 猫躺在门后面。
c)around在……周围,围绕
 There are many trees around the villege.村子周围有很多树围绕。
 There are flowers around the stage. 舞台周围摆着鲜花。
5.from, to, for, into, out of
a)from表示“是哪里人”,以及“时间或地点的起始点
 The train started from Paris.火车发自巴黎。
 She will fly from Beijing to Hongkong. 她将从北京飞往香港。
b)to到……(目的地)去,向……
 He went to Germany last year.他去年去了德国。
 They got to the town very late. 他们很晚才到那个镇。
c)for向……,表目的方向
 He left for Tianjin on business yesterday.他昨天出差去天津了。
 The train for Shanghai has been away. 去往上海的火车已经开走了。
 towards, to和for都可表示“向……”,其区别如下:
 ①towards仅指朝向某个方向,不一定是目的地,而 to和for都是“向目的地”。
 ②for作“向(目的地)”时,常用于固定搭配中,如:leave for; start for
d)into进入
 Please put the water into the bottle.请把水倒入瓶子里。
 The teacher came into the classroom with a smile. 老师微笑着走进了教室。
e)out of从……出来
 A beautiful girl in red went out of the shop.一个穿红衣服的漂亮女孩从商店里走了出来。
 They pulled him out of the water. 他们把他从水里拉了出来。
6.along, across, through
a)along沿着
 He likes to drive along the river.他喜欢沿着河开车。
 There are all kinds of beautiful flowers along the road street. 沿街有着各种美丽的花。
b)across横穿
 The little girl is afraid to go across the street.这个小女孩不敢横穿马路。
 It’s dangerous to run across the busy road. 跑着穿越繁忙的马路是很危险的。
c)through穿过
 It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.开车穿过这条隧道花了我们10分钟时间。
 He pushed his way through the crowd to the platform. 他从人群里挤到了站台。
7.at, in
 二者都表示“在某个地方”,但at多指较小的地方,如车站、家等,而in多指在“大地方”,如城市、国家、大洲等。(但大小有时也是相对的)。
 He lives at No.27 Zhongshan street in Nanjing.他住在南京市中山路27号。
 The plane will arrive in Beijing at 13:00. 飞机将于13点到达北京。
三.其它用途的介词:
1.表示“标准或单位”的介词:at, for, by
a)at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”
 He drove at a speed of 80 miles an hour.他以每小时8英里的速度行驶。
 I sold my car at a high price.我以高价出售了我的汽车。
b)for用……交换
 I bought it for 20 dollars.买它花了我20美元。
 How much for these apples? 这些苹果多少钱?
 at与for都表示价格,但at表示“单价”,for表示总价,at后一般跟“price”这个词,而for后只能跟总钱数。
 如:I bought it at a low price.我买它的价格很低。
 I bought it at the price of $80 a pound.我以每磅80美元的价格买的它。
 I sold it for $10.我10美元把它卖掉了。
c)by以……计,后跟度量单位
 Gold is sold by the gram.金以克出售。
 They paid him by the month.他们按月给他计酬。
2.表示“材料”的介词:of, from, in
a)of表示从成品仍可看出原料。
 This box is made of paper.这个盒子是纸做的。
 This salad is made of apples and strwberres. 这种沙拉是由苹果和草莓做的。
b)from表示从成品已看不出原料。
 Bread is made from wheat.面包是小麦做的。
 The lifeboat is made from some special material. 这个救生艇是由某种特殊材料制成的。
c)in用……材料。  常用write, speak, talk, answer等连用。
 Please fill in the form in pencil first.请先用铅笔填写这个表格。
 They talk in English.他们用英语交谈。
 in指材料时,材料前不用冠词。
3.表示“工具或手段”的介词:by, with, on
a)by指“靠……手段”,“用……方法”,“凭借……动作”,所表示的方法、手段、途径比较抽象,后接名词、代词或动名词,也可和bus,train,plane,bike等词连用,表示交通或通讯手段。
 He usually goes to work by bike.他通常骑车去上班。
 He sent the news to me by e-mail.他通过电子邮件发给了我这一消息。
We learn to swim by swimming.我们通过游泳学习游泳
You must learn every word by heart.你必须把每个单词都记住
 表示搭乘交通工具时,既可用by,又可用in或on,区别在于用by时,表示交通工具的名词前不能加冠词,而用in或on时名词前必须加冠词。
by bus=on a bus
by bike=on a bike
by plane=on a plane
by train=on a train
by car=in a car
by ship=on a ship
b)with表示用什么工具,所用的东西都是具体的物
 Please cut the apple with the small knife.请用这把小刀切开苹果。
 He stopped the ball with his right foot.他用脚把球停住。
We write with our hands.我们用手写字
 with表示“用……工具”时,工具前必须加冠词或物主代词。
c)on以……方式。多用于固定词组。
 They talked on the telephone.他们通过电话进行交谈。
 She learns English on the radio/on TV.她通过收音机/电视学英语。
4.表示“关于”的介词:of, about, on
a)of仅指“关于”人或事物的存在,如:
 He spoke of the film the other day.他前几天提到了这部影片。
 He thought of this matter yesterday.他昨天想到了这件事。
 He thought about this matter yesterday.他昨天考虑了这件事。
b)about指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。
 It’s a book for children about Africa and its people.
 它是一本供儿童阅读的关于非洲和非洲人的书。
 Can you tell me something about yourself? 你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗?
c)on是指“关于”学术性的或严肃的,供专门研究用的。
 It’s a textbook on the history of China.它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。
5.表示“原因、理由”的介词:for, at, from, of, with
a)for表示“一般的理由”常与famous, punish等词连用。
 Xi’an is famous for its long history.西安因历史悠久而著名。
 The city is well known for her large population. 这座城市以人口众多而知名。
for还可引导时间状语从句,此时应与because/because of区分开来
because引导的从句表示的是更直接而不是推断的原因,语气更强,有时且可置于主句之前,试比较:
because he is ill,he is absent today.
因为他病了,所以他今天缺席。
he must be ill,for he is absent today.
他今天缺席,看来一定是病了。
because of后只能接名词或代词,不可以接句子。
i missed the film because of the bad weather.
b)at一般指“情感”的原因,通常放在表示“惊讶或喜悦等感情”的动词或形容词之后,表示“因听到或看到而……”。
 She got angry at his words.她因为他的话生气了。
 He was surprised at the news.听到这消息他大吃一惊。
c)from表示“外在的原因”。如受伤、车祸等。
 He died from the wound.他因受伤而致死。
 Her son was badly hurt in a traffic accident. 她儿子在一次车祸中严重受伤。
d)of表示“内在的原因”,如病、饿等到。
 He died of cancer.他死于癌症。
 The old man died of hunger.老人死于饥饿。
e)with表示“由外在影响到肉体或心理”的原因。
 He shook with cold.他因寒冷而发抖。
 He shouted loudly with anger. 他气得大喊大叫。
6.as,like
as与like都可以表示“像……”。
a)like像……一样(其实不是like后接的名词)
 The little tiger looks like a cat.这只小老虎看起来像只猫。
 The mooncakes are like the moon. 月饼像月亮。
like用作介词,后面接名词或宾格代词。例如: 
The building looks like a hospital.这幢大楼看上去像一所医院。 
He is just like everybody else.他跟别人完全一样。
b)as作为,以……身份(其实是as后接的名词)
 He was hanged as a spy.他被作为间谍绞死了。
 He talk to me as a father.他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。
试比较:
Let me speak to you as a father.我作为一个父亲在同你说话。
Let me speak to you like a father.让我像一位父亲那样同你讲话。
as还可作是连词,引导比较状语从句,从句中的动词或整个谓语部分往往可省略。例如:
She runs as fast as he (runs).她跑得和他一样快。 
This book is as interesting as that one(is).这本书和那本书一样有趣。 
as还可以引导方式状语从句。例如:
I work as others do.我像别人一样地工作。 
7.against, for
 against既有紧靠、倚靠的意思,也有反对(反义词是for)的意思,如:
He stood leaning against the wall, unable to speak.他靠墙站着,说不出话来
She sat with her back against the door.她背靠着门坐着
She sold her hair against her will.她很不情愿将头发卖了
 Are you for my idea or against it? 你赞同还是反对我的想法?
 They fought against the enemy. 他们抗击敌人。
8.besides, except,except for都表示“除了”。besides的用法就等于as well as。
 He is interested in tennis besides(as well as)football.  除了足球,他还对网球感兴趣。
a)besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”,可以理解为“除之外…还、除之外…又”,表示两部分的相似性。指“在整体中加入一部分”,含义是肯定的
 Twenty-five students went to the cinema besides him.
 除他以外,还有25个学生去看了电影。(他和另外25人都去了)
 We like biology besides English.除了英语外,我们还喜欢生物。(生物和英语都喜欢)
besides还可以用作副词,意为“除此之外”,“此外”,“而且”。例如:
Besides,I enjoy learning about new things from politi to sports and music.
此外,我还喜欢了解从政治到体育、音乐的新动态
b)except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”,可以理解为“撇开…不谈”,表示两部分的不同。
except(=but)表示“从整体中除去一部分”,含义是否定的
 Everyone is excited except me.除我以外的每个人都很激动。(他们激动,而我却不激动)
 All the visitors are Japanese except him.
 除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。(其他人是日本人,可他不是)
注意. 用于含有否定意义的句子时,二者的意思是一样的。即besides在意义上相当于except 例如:
He did nothing besides(=except)this.除这件事外,他什么事也没做
c)except for 作“除……之外”讲,含有“若无……”的意思,着重对总体情况中的个别状况加以修正,except for前面所用的词是表示不同范围的词。
His composition is good except for some spelling mistakes.
(composition 和spelling mistakes 是两个不同范围的词,但spelling mistakes是在composition 总体之中)
except同类中的除此之外,而except for不同类中的除此之外
9.instead,instead of
instead与instead of的词性与用法都不相同。
instead是副词,意为“代替”,“顶替”,在句子中作状语。例如:
Give me this instead.换这个给我吧。
instead of主要有两个意思:
1)“代替”,后面接名词或代词。例如:
He will go instead of me.他将代替我去。
2)“而不”,后面接动词-ing形式。例如:
She went to school instead of staying at home.她没有呆在家里而是上学去了。 
instead of有时可用来连接两个对等的语法成分,也就是说,它后面可以接形容词、副词或介词短语等。例如: 
They went there on foot instead of by bus.他们没有乘公共汽车而是步行到那里去的。
四.英语中时间状语不用介词的情况很多,具体归纳如下: 
a)在this,that,these等组成的词组前不用介词。 如:
We are in Grade Two this year.今年我们上二年级。
Bob’s wife told him that he had forgotten his wallet that morning.
鲍勃的妻子告诉他他那天早晨忘带钱包了。
Tom’s trouble is very common to boys these days. 汤姆的问题这些天在男孩们中间很常见。
b)由next或last构成的词组前不用介词。 如:
When did you go to bed last night?你昨晚几点上床睡觉的?
The next day she got up early and went to school without breakfast.第二天她起得很早,没吃早饭就去了学校。
c)当yesterday,tomorrow用作副词或由它们构成的短语前不用介词。 如:
Can you be here at eight tomorrow morning? 你明早八点能在这里吗?
Were you at home yesterday evening?你昨晚在家吗?
d)在含有a, one, every, some,all等词的短语前不用介词。 如:
One day the woman learned that Liszt himself was in town. 一天妇人听说李斯特本人就在镇上。
I hope to go to the moon some day.我希望有一天去月球
e)表示时间的名词前有不定冠词,且不定冠词作“每一……”解时,前面不用介词,如:
 每小时80英里。
 80 miles in an hour.(×)
 80 miles an hour.()
 An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天吃一个苹果,医生不找我。
f)含有way的短语。如:in the same way, in this/that way, in another way等用于句末时,in常省略。
 She did it the same way.她用同样的方法做的
五.介词用法口诀
上午、晚要用in
at黎明、午夜、点与分。
年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in
将来时态in...以后
小处at大处in。
有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in,
特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in
介词at和to表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。
日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,收音、农场、值日on,
关于、基础、靠、著论, 着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。
特定时日和"一……就",on后常接动名词。
年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前on代in。
步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage则用in。
at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。
工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因。
就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。
海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类know to man。
this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。
接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。
over、under正上下,above、below则不然,
若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。'
beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。
besides,except分内外,among之内along沿。
同类比较except,加for异类记心间。
原状because of,、 owing to、 due to表语形容词
under后接修、建中,of、from物、化分。
before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。
before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。
since以来during间,since时态多变换。
与之相比beside,除了last but one。
复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。
快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。
but for否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。
ing型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。
之后、关于、在......方面,有关介词须记全。
in内to外表位置,山、水、国界to在前
早、午、晚要用in
  例:in the morning 在早上
  in the afternoon 在下午
  in the evening 在晚上
  in the day 在白天
  at黎明、午、夜、点与分
  例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候
  at noon 在中午
  at night 在夜间
  at midnight 在午夜
  以上短语都不用冠词
  at six o'clock 在6点钟
  at 7:30 (seven thirty) 在7点半
  at half past eleven 在11点半
  at nine fifteen 在9点15分
  at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分
  也可以写成
  seven to five 5点差7分(半小时以上)
  five minutes after two 2点过5分
  at a quarter to two 1点45分
  at the weekend 在周末
  年、月、年月、季节、周
  即在"来年",在"某月",在"某年某月" (但在某年某月某
  日则用on),在四季,在第几周等都要用in。
  例;in 1986 在1986年
  in 1927 在1927年
  in April 在四月
  in March 在三月
  in December 1986 1986年12月
  in July l983 1983年7月
  in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季
  in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季
  in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周
  in the third week 在第三周
  阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 in,
  即在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。
  例:Don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。
  They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。
  They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。
  a prisoner in irons 带着镣铐的囚犯
  He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。
  The poor dressed (clothed) in rags in old society. 旧社会穷人们衣衫褴褛.
  以及:in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下
  a merchant in disguise 乔装的商人
  the woman in white (black, red, yellow) 穿着白(黑、红、黄)色衣服的妇女
  in uniform 穿着制服
  in mourning 穿着丧服
  in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋
  in his shirt sleeves 穿着衬衫
  将来时态in...以后
  例: They will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。
  I'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。
  We'll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。
  Come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始)
  after... (从过去开始)
  小处at大处in
  例:Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound, all is well. Don't worry. 李和我平安地到达黑山县,一切很好,勿念。
  I live in a great city (big city), my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在大城市,我姐姐住在一个小城镇,而我的父母则住在农村。
  I'm in Liaoning, at Anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市.
  有形with无形by,语言 、单位、材料in
  例:The workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)
  The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)
  "Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy" is a good opera. <<智取威虎山>>是-出好戏。(无形)
  The product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法--无形)
  I really can't express my idea in English freely in-deed. 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用in)
  I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄语写了一本小说。(同上)
  The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system. 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用in )
  The length is measured in meter, kilometre, and centimetre. 长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的。(同上)
  This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。
  特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in
  特征或状态:
  例: The Democratic Party was then in power. 那时民主党执政。
  They found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。
  He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。
  Many who came in despair went away in hope. 许多人带着绝望情绪而来,却满怀希望而去。
  The house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。
  The poor girl was in tears. 这个贫苦女孩泪流满面。
  Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。
  His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。
  I only said it in fun. 我说这话只是开玩笑的。
  She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 与其说她讲得很气愤,不如说她讲得很伤心。
  
还有一些短语也用in,如:
  in jest 诙谐地,in joke 开玩笑地,in spite 恶意地, in fairness 公正地,in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大,in sorrow 伤心地等。
  His mind was in great confusion. 他脑子里很乱。
  Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb. 今天大家都兴高采烈,没有一个情绪低落。
  She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同学都正值妙龄。
  The compaign was in full swing. 运动正值高潮中。
  方面:
  例:we accepted the item in principle. 我们在原则上接受了这个条款。
  They are never backward in giving their views. 他们从来不怕发表自己的意见。
  The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain. 这个落后的地区在粮食方面已能自给。
  A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。
  方式:
  例:All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有报告都用速记记录下来了。
  The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism. 党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们。
  
如下成语惯用in
  例如: in all 总计
  in advance 事前
  in the meantime 与此同时
  in place 适当地
  in hopes of(或in the hope of) 怀着.......希望
  in connection with 和……有关
  in contact with 和……联系
  in addition to 除......以外
  in case of 倘若,万一
  in conflict with 和......冲突
  in force 有效的,大批
  in depth 彻底地
  in regard to 关于
  in the neighborhood of 大约、邻近
  in retrospect 回顾,一想起
  in behalf of 代表......利益
  in the least 一点,丝毫
  in alarm 惊慌、担心
  in the opinion of 据……见解
  in the long run 从长远说来
  in one's opinion 在……看来
  in word 口头上
  in a word 总之
  in vain 无益地, 白白地
  in case 如果,万一,以防
  in detail 详细地
  in haste 急急忙忙地
  in conclusion 总之
  in spite of 尽管
  in other words... 换句话说
  in return 作为回报
  in the name of 以......名义
  be confident in 对......有信心
  be interested in 对......感兴趣
  in doubt 怀疑
  in love 恋爱中
  in debt 负债
  in fun (jest、joke) 玩笑地
  in hesitation 犹豫不决
  in wonder 在惊奇中
  in public (secret) 公开他(秘密地)
  in a good humour 心情(情绪)好
  "介词at、to表方向,攻击、位置、善、恶、分"。
  介词at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向时,侧重于攻击的目标,往往表示恶意;用to表示方向时,突出运动的位置或动作的对象,侧重表示善意。试比较下列各句:
  1. A.She came at me. 她向我扑过来。
  B.She came to me. 她向我走过来。
  2.A.Jake ran at John. 几 杰克向约翰扑过去。
  B.Jake ran to John. 杰克朝约翰跑去。
  3.A. He rushed at the woman with a sword. 他拿着剑向那妇女扑过去。
  B. He rushed to the woman with a sword. 他带着剑向那妇女跑过去。
  4.A.He shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。
  B. He shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说
  5.A.I heard her muttering at Xiao Li. 我听见她在抱怨小李。
  B.I heard her muttering to Xiao Li. 我听见她在同小李低声说话。
  6.A. She talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。
  B.She talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢.
  7.A.She threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。
  B.She threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃。
  8.A.He presented a pistol at me. 他用手枪对着我。
  B.He presented a pistol to me. 他赠送我一支手枪。
  日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早午晚; 以下皆用on。
  例: on Octorber the first 1949 1949年10月1日
  on February the thirteenth l893 1893年2月13日
  on May the first 5月1日
  on the first 1号
  on the sixteenth 16号
  on the second of January 或 on January the second 1月2日
  on a summer evening 在夏天的一个夜晚
  on Boxing Day 在节礼日(圣诞节次日)
  on New Year's Day 在元旦
  on my birthday 在我的生日
  但 in the Christmas holidays在圣诞节假期; in the eighteenth century 在十八世纪; in ancient times 在古代; in earlier times 在早期; in modern times 在现代,则用in,the present time 现在,at the present day当今则用at。
  on May Day 在"五·一"节
  on winter day 在冬天
  on Decenber 12th 1950 l950年12月12日
  on Sunday 在星期天
  on Monday 在星期一
  on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨
  on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午
  on Friday evening 星期五晚上
  但last night 昨夜;in the evening 在晚上; on time准时,in time及时,等则不同。
  年月日,加早午晚,of之前on代in
  例: on the morning of 18th 18日早晨
  on the evening of 4th 4日晚上
  On the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet and their head gave a garewell speech. 他们在临行前夕举行了一次告别宴会,他们的团长发表了告别讲话。
  收音、农场,值日on
  例:Did your supervisor like the story over (or on) the radio last night?
  您的导师喜欢昨天从收音机里听到的故事吗?
  I heard the news over (or on) the radio. 我从收音机里听到了这一条消息。
  taIk over the radio 由无线电播音
  on TV 从电视里......
  hear something on the wireless 在无线电里听到
  My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. 我哥哥在一个军垦农场工作。
  The students are working on a school farm. 学生们正在校办农场劳动。
  This is a farmer's house on a farm. 这是农场的农舍。
  Who is on duty, tody? 今天谁值日?
  We go on duty at 8 a.m. 我们上午8点钟上班。
  关于、基础、靠、著论
  例: This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation. 今天下午我们要听关于国际形势的报告。
  Professor Shen will give us a talk on travelling in America. 申教授将给我们做关于美国之行的报告。
  You are wrong on all these issues. 在这些问题上你的看法都错了。
  The belief is based on practical experience. 这种信念是以实际经验为基础的。
  Theory must be based on practice. 理论必须以实践为基础。
  The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。(靠)
  The citizens live on their salaries. 城市人靠薪金生活。
  You can't afford luxuries, on an income of 100 yuan a month. 靠月薪100元的收入,你是买不起奢侈品的。
  Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food. 她用精饲料喂养她心爱的狗。
  He is just a scrounger, who lives on other people. 他正是一个小偷,专靠损害别人过日子。
  Keep the kettle on the boil (=boiling). 让水壶的水一直开着。
  The enemy are on the run (=running). 敌人在逃跑。
  on后接the加上一个作名词的动词.其意义与现在分词所表达的相近。类似例子很多如:
  on the march在行军中,on the mend 在好转中,on the prowl徘徊,on the move活动中,on the scrounge巧取豪夺(埋语),on the go活跃,忙碌,on the lookout注意, 警戒,on the watch监视着。on the hop趁不备抓住某人等等。
  on the People's Democratic Dictatorship<<实践论>>和<<矛盾论>>
  on the People's Democratic Dictatorship<<论人民民主专政>>
  "on Coalition Government" <<论联合政府>>
  着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付,相反、准
  注:口诀中的"着"是指着火,罢指罢工,偷指偷偷地,公指出差、办公事;假指休假,准指准时。
  例:The house next to mine was on fire. 我邻居的房子着火了。
  The workers of the railway station were on strike. 铁路工人罢工了。
  Grapes and big water melons from Sinkiang are on sale on a large sale. 新疆葡萄和西瓜大量上市了。
  do something on the sly (quiet). 秘密地(暗地里,偷偷地)做某事。
  I've come here on business. 我是有公事来的。
  They went to Bern on a mission. 他们到伯尔尼去执行一项使命。
  They has been away on a long trip. 他们出去做一次长途旅行。
  I'll go home on leave next month. 下月我将休假回家。
  I went on business to Shanghai. I did not take leave. 我是公出去上海的,不是不告面别。
  She came to see you on purpose. 她是专程来看你的。
  He came here on purpose to discuss it with you. 他到这来是要与你讨论这件事的。
  This lunch is on me.
  "No. let's go Dutch."
  "这顿午饭我付钱。"
  "不,还是各付各的。"
  On the contrary, it was very easy to understand. 相反,这事儿很容易理解。
  P1ease come on time. (on schedule). 请准时来。
  注:in time是"及时"的意思。
  The train arrived on schedule. 火车准时到达。
  特定时间和"一……就",左右on后动名词
  例:Gases expand on heating and contract on cooling. 气体加热时膨胀,冷却时收缩。(特定时间)
  On entering the room, he found his friends dancing in high spirits. 一进屋,他就发现他的朋友们在愉快地跳舞。
  On reaching the city he called up Lao Yang. 一到城里他就给老杨打了一个电话。
  I'll write to him on hearing from you. 我接到你的来信就给他写信。(一……就)
  以及on the left, right向左向右,on the stair在台阶上等。
  步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage用in
  例:On foot步行; on horse骑马; on donkey 骑驴。
  He rode on, blood flowing from his side. 他骑着马,鲜血从腰部流下来。
  The soldier of the Eighth Route Army rode 100 li on a horse a day in order to catch up with his unit. 为赶上部队,那位八路军战士骑马日行百里。
  Go on horse back! 骑马去!
  You are having me on! 你和我开玩笑呢!
  in cab和in carriage 不能用on或by cab或carrige。
  at山脚、门口在当前,速、温、日落价核心
  即在山脚下、在门口、在目前,速度、以……速率、温度、在日落时、在……核心要用at。
  例:At the foot of the mountain, there are thirty of our comrades. 在山脚下,有我们30个同志。
  There is a beautiful lake at the foot of the hill. 山脚下有一个美丽的湖。
  At the gate of the house there are many children playing glassball. 门口有一大群孩子在玩玻璃球。
  Who's standing there at the door? 谁站在门口?
  I don't need the dictionary at present. 我现在还不需要这本词典。
  He is at present in Washington. 他目前正在华盛顿。
  The train runs at fifty kilometres an hour. 火车每小时行驶50公里。
  we built the plant at top speed and minimun cost. 我们以最低的投资,最高的速度修建了该工厂。
  at home 在国内,在家里
  at ten degrees centigrade 在摄氏10度
  at minus ten degrees centigrade 摄氏零下10度
  Water freezes at 0°centigrade. 水在镊氏零度结冰。
  Water usually boils at 100°. 水通常在摄氏loo度沸赐。
  at zero 在零度
  at the rate of 45 miles an hour
  at full speed 全速
  at a good price 高价
  at a low cost 低成本
  at a great cost 花了很大代价
  at that time 在当时
  Evaporation takes place at all tempertures. 蒸发在任何温度下都能发生。
  at 1000RPM (revolution per minute) 每分钟1000转
  at a high speed 高速
  The soldiers launched an attack upon the enemy at sunset. 战士们在日落时对敌人发起了攻击。
  at daybreak 日出时
  The force at the core leading our cause forward is the Chinese Communist Party. 领导我们事业的核心力量是中国共产党。
  The atom has a nucleus at its core. 在原子的中心有一个原于核。
  At the beginning of this term the teacher in charge of our class was very strict with us. 这学期开始,我们的班主任老师对我们要求非常严格。
最终答案:略