英语翻译Almost all loans at interest are made in money,either of

英语翻译
Almost all loans at interest are made in money,either of paper,or of gold and silver.But what the borrower really wants,and what the lender really supplies him with,is not the money,but the money’s worth,or the goods which it can purchase.If he wants it as a stock for immediate consumption,it is those goods only which he can place in that stock.If he wants it as a capital for employing industry,it is from those goods only that the industrious can be furnished with the tools,materials,and maintenance,necessary for carrying on their work.By means of the loan,the lender,as it were,assigns to the borrower his right to a certain portion of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country,to be employed as the borrower pleases.4
The quantity of stock,therefore,or,as it is commonly expressed,of money which can be lent at interest in any country,is not regulated by the value of the money,whether paper or coin,which serves as the instrument of the different loans made in that country,but by the value of that part of the annual produce which,as soon as it comes either from the ground,or from the hands of the productive labourers,is destined not only for replacing a capital,but such a capital as the owner does not care to be at the trouble of employing himself.As such capitals are commonly lent out and paid back in money,they constitute what is called the monied interest.It is distinct,not only from the landed,but from the trading and manufacturing interests,as in these last the owners themselves employ their own capitals.Even in the monied interest,however,the money is,as it were,but the deed of assignment,which conveys from one hand to another those capitals which the owners do not care to employ themselves.Those capitals may be greater in almost any proportion,than the amount of the money which serves as the instrument of their conveyance; the same pieces of money successively serving for many different loans,as well as for many different purchases.A,for example,lends to W a thousand pounds,with which W immediately purchases of B a thousand pounds worth of goods.B having no occasion for the money himself,lends the identical pieces to X,with which X immediately purchases of C another thousand pounds worth of goods.C in the same manner,and for the same reason,lends them to Y,who again purchases goods with them of D.In this manner the same pieces,either of coin or of paper,may,in the course of a few days,serve as the instrument of three different loans,and of three different purchases,each of which is,in value,equal to the whole amount of those pieces.
What the three monied men,A,B,and C,assign to the three borrowers,W,X,Y,is the power of making those purchases.In this power consist both the value and the use of the loans.The stock lent by the three monied men,is equal to the value of the goods which can be purchased with it,and is three times greater than that of the money with which the purchases are made.Those loans,however,may be all perfectly well secured,the goods purchased by the different debtors being so employed,as,in due time,to bring back,with a profit,an equal value either of coin or of paper.And as the same pieces of money can thus serve as the instrument of different loans to three,or for the same reason,to thirty times their value,so they may likewise successively serve as the instrument of repayment.5

几乎所有的带利借贷是以现金,纸钞或金银进行.但借方真的想要贷方提供的不是金钱,而是金钱的价值,或金钱可以购买的物品.如果他想借资本来立即消费,他想要的其实是这些资本所附带的货物.如果他想借资本雇用产业,他想要的是资本产生的货物,以供工人继续工作的工具,原料,和薪金.通过贷款,贷方赋予借方贷方的一部分持有国家土地和劳力年收入的权利,供借方使用
资本的数量,或更常见的表示为可以带利借贷的金钱数量,不受钱价值的影响,不管是硬币还是纸币,都只是国家内各种借贷的工具.资本数量决定于土地或劳工的年产量中不仅用于取代消费掉的资本,而且持有者愿意花力气去生利的部分.由于这样的资本经常借贷偿还,它们组成通常所说的货币利益,不同于土地,贸易,生产利益中持有者自己使用资本.但是即使在货币利益中,货币只是一种把资本从不愿自己使用的持有者转让给其他人的转让协议.这些资本几乎无限超过作为其转让工具的货币的价值.同样的一些钱可以连续在多宗借贷和购买中使用.例如,A借给W一千镑,W立刻从B处购买了价值一千镑的货物,B持有钱没有用处,于是借给了X,X立刻从C处购买了价值一千镑的货物,C同样的借给了Y,而Y从D处购买.这样一来同样的硬币或纸币在几天内作为了三宗购买和三宗借贷的工具,这些借贷和购买的价值都等同于这些货币代表价值.
补充:
三个贷方A,B,C赋予三个借方W,X,Y的是进行购买的能力.包括贷款的价值和使用权.三个贷方借出的资本等于用这些资本购买的货物的价值,是用来购买的货币价值的三倍.不过这些贷款可能都是得到良好担保的,三个借方购买的货物可以得到使用,在贷款期限前制造出本金和利润,这些利润也是以硬币或纸币的形式存在.由于同一批货币可以用于不同的,价值三倍或基于相同原因三十倍贷款,这批收入货币一样可以重复用于偿还贷款.