红楼梦葬花吟红楼梦中葬花吟的背景简介

红楼梦葬花吟
红楼梦中葬花吟的背景简介

[编辑本段]【原文欣赏】
　　花谢花飞飞满天,红消香断有谁怜?
　　游丝软系飘春榭,落絮轻沾扑绣帘.
　　闺中女儿惜春暮,愁绪满怀无释处.
　　手把花锄出绣帘,忍踏落花来复去?
　　柳丝榆荚自芳菲,不管桃飘与李飞.
　　桃李明年能再发,明年闺中知有谁?
　　三月香巢已垒成,梁间燕子太无情.
　　明年花发虽可啄,却不道人去梁空巢也倾.
　　一年三百六十日,风刀霜剑严相逼.
　　明媚鲜妍能几时?一朝飘泊难寻觅.
　　花开易见落难寻,阶前闷杀葬花人.
　　独倚花锄泪暗洒,洒上空枝见血痕.
　　杜鹃无语正黄昏,荷锄归去掩重门.
　　青灯照壁人初睡,冷雨敲窗被未温.
　　怪奴底事倍伤神?半为怜春半恼春：
　　怜春忽至恼忽去,至又无言去不闻.
　　昨宵庭外悲歌发,知是花魂与鸟魂?
　　花魂鸟魂总难留,鸟自无言花自羞.
　　愿奴胁下生双翼,随花飞到天尽头.
　　天尽头,何处有香丘?
　　未若锦囊收艳骨,一抔净土掩风流.
　　质本洁来还洁去,强于污淖陷渠沟.
　　尔今死去侬收葬,未卜侬身何日丧?
　　侬今葬花人笑痴,他年葬侬知是谁?
　　试看春残花渐落,便是红颜老死时.
　　一朝春尽红颜老,花落人亡两不知!
　　（选自《红楼梦》第二十七回：滴翠亭杨妃戏彩蝶 埋香冢飞燕泣残红）
　　[编辑本段]【名家点评】
　　《葬花吟》是《红楼梦》一书中历来最为人所称道,也是艺术上最为成功的诗篇之一.《葬花吟》是林黛玉感叹身世遭遇的全部哀音的代表,也是作者曹雪芹借以塑造这一艺术形象,表现其性格特性的重要作品.它与第七十八回中的《芙蓉女儿诔》,一诗一文,堪称《红楼梦》一书中诗文作品的巨制双壁.
　　这首诗在风格上仿效初唐体的歌行体,名为咏花,实则写人.全诗抒情淋漓尽致,语言如泣如诉,声声悲音,字字血泪,满篇无一字不是发自肺腑、无一字不是血泪凝成,把林黛玉对身世的遭遇和感叹表现得入木三分.全诗并非一味哀伤凄恻,其中仍然有着一种抑塞不平之气.“柳丝榆荚自芳菲,不管桃飘与李飞”,就寄有对世态炎凉、人情冷暖的愤懑；“一年三百六十日,风刀霜剑严相逼”岂不是对长期迫害着她的冷酷无情的现实的控诉?“愿侬胁下生双翼,随花飞到天尽头.天尽头,何处有香丘?未若锦囊收艳骨,一杯净土掩风流.质本洁来还洁去,强于污淖陷渠沟.”则是在幻想自由幸福而不可得时,所表现出来的那种不愿受辱被污、不甘低头屈服的孤傲不阿的性格.这些,才是它的思想价值之所在.
　　这首诗的另一价值在于它为我们提供了探索曹雪芹笔下的宝黛悲剧的重要线索.甲戌本上脂砚斋的批语说：“余读《葬花吟》至再,至三四,其凄楚感慨令人身世两忘,举笔再四,不能下批.有客曰：‘先生身非宝玉,何能下笔?即字字双圈,批词通仙,料难遂颦儿之意,俟看宝玉之后文再批’噫嘻!阻余者想亦《石头记》来的,故停笔以待.”
　　值得注意的是批语指出：没有看过“宝玉之后文”是无从对此诗加批的；批书人“停笔以待”的也正是与此诗有关的“后文”.所谓“后文”毫无疑问的当然是指后半部佚稿冲写黛玉之死的文字.如果这首诗中仅仅一般地以落花象征红颜薄命,那也用不着非待后文不可；只有诗中所写非泛泛之言,而大都与后来黛玉之死情节声切相关时,才有必要强调指出,在看过后面文字以后,应回头来再重新加深对此诗的理解.由此可见,《葬花吟》实际上就是林黛玉自作的诗谶.
　　为落花缝锦囊,为落花埋香冢；还要悲哭,还要作诗.这种前无古人,后无来者的“荒唐”举动,唯有痴情如宝黛者方能理解,也唯有发生在宝黛身上方能为世人所理解.请看和曹雪芹同时期的明义《题红楼梦》绝句中的诗句：
　　伤心一首葬花词,似谶成真自不如.
　　安得返魂香一缕,起卿沉痼续红丝?
　　“似谶成真”,这是只有知道了作者所写黛玉之死的情节的人才能说出来的话.
　　以前,我们还以为明义未必能如脂砚那样看到小说全书,现在看来,他读到过后半部部分稿子的可能性极大,或者至少也听作者交往的圈子里的人比较详尽地说起过后半部的主要情节.如果我们说,明义绝句中提到后来的事象“聚如春梦散如烟”、“石归山下无灵气”之类,还可由推测而知的话；那么,写宝玉贫穷的“王孙瘦损骨嶙峋”,和写他因获罪致使他心中的人为他的不幸忧忿而死的“惭愧当年石季伦”等诗句,是再也无从凭想象而得的.
　　上面所引之诗中的后两句也是如此：明义说,他真希望有起死回生的返魂香,能救活黛玉,让宝、黛两个有情人成为眷属,把已断绝的月下老人所牵的红丝绳再接续起来.试想,只要“沉痼”能起,“红丝”也就能续,这与后来续书者想象宝、黛悲剧的原因在于婚姻不自主是多么的不同!倘若一切都如程伟元、高鹗整理的续书中所写的那样,则宝玉已有他属.试问,起黛玉“沉痼”又有何用?难道“续红丝”是为了要她做宝二姨娘不成?
　　此诗“侬今葬花人笑痴,他年葬侬知是谁?……”等末了数句,书中几次重复,特意强调,甚至通过写鹦鹉学吟诗也提到.可知红颜老死之日,确在春残花落之时,并非虚词作比.同时,这里说“他年葬侬知是谁”,前面又说“红消香断有谁怜”、“一朝飘泊难寻觅”等等,则黛玉亦如晴雯那样死于十分凄惨寂寞的境况之中可以无疑.那时,并非大家都忙着为宝玉办喜事,因而无暇顾及,恰恰相反,宝玉、凤姐都因避祸流落在外,那正是“家亡莫论亲”、“各自须寻各自门”的日子,诗中“柳丝榆荚自芳菲,不管桃飘与李飞”或含此意.
　　“三月香巢已垒成,梁间燕子太无情.明年花发虽可啄,却不道人去梁空巢也倾”几句,原在可解不可解之间,怜落花而怨及燕子归去,用意甚难把握贯通.现在,倘作谶语看,就比较明确了.大概春天里宝黛的婚事已基本说定了,即所谓“香巢已垒成”,可是,到了秋天,发生了变故,就象梁间燕子无情地飞去那样,宝玉被迫离家出走了.因而,她悲叹“花魂鸟魂总难留”,幻想着自己能“胁下生双翼”也随之而去.她日夜悲啼,终至于“泪尽证前缘”了.
　　这样,“花落人亡两不知”,若以“花落”比黛玉,“人亡”（流亡也）说宝玉,正是完全切合的.宝玉凡遭所谓“丑祸”,总有别人要随之而倒霉的.先有金钏儿,后有晴雯,终于轮封了黛玉,所以诗中又有“质本洁来还洁去,强于污淖陷渠沟”的双关语可用来剖白和显示气节.“一别秋风又一年”,宝玉在次年秋天回到贾府,但所见怡红院已“红瘦绿稀”（脂评）,潇湘馆更是一片“落叶萧萧,寒姻漠漠”（脂评）的凄凉景象,黛玉的闺房和宝玉的绛芸轩一样,只见“蛛丝儿结满雕梁”（脂评谓指宝黛住处）,虽然还有宝钗在,而且以后还成其“金玉姻缘”,但这又怎能弥补他“对境悼颦儿”时所产生的巨大精神创痛呢?“明年花发虽可啄,却不道人去梁空巢也倾!”难道不就是这个意思吗?这些只是从脂评所提及的线索中可以得到印证的一些细节,所述未必都那么妥当.但此诗与宝黛悲剧情节必定有照应这一点,大概不是主观臆断吧；其实,“似谶成真”的诗还不止于此,黛玉的《代别离·秋窗风雨夕》和《桃花行》也有这种性质.前者仿佛不幸地言中了她后来离别宝玉的情景,后者则又象是她对自己“泪尽夭亡”（脂评）结局的预先写照.
　　有人说,《葬花吟》是从唐寅的两首诗中“脱胎”的（《红楼梦辨》）.诗歌当然是有所继承借鉴的,但不应把文艺创作的“源”和“流”的关系弄颠倒了.说到《葬花吟》在某些遣词造句、意境格调上利用前人之作,实不必到明人的集子中去找.唐初刘希夷《代悲白头翁》中“今年花落颜色改,明年花开复谁在”、“年年岁岁花相似,岁岁年年人不同”之类为人熟知的诗句还不足以借取利用吗?即如葬花情节,也未必径取唐寅将牡丹花“盛以锦囊,葬于药栏东畔”事,作者的祖父曹寅的《楝亭诗钞》中也就有“百年孤冢葬桃花”的诗句,难道还不足以启发他的构思吗?但这些都是“流”,都仅仅是利用,既不表现诗的主要精神,也决不能代替作者源于现实生活的创造.何况,如前所述,此诗中,作者运笔鬼斧神工之处,完全不在于表面上那些伤春惜花词句的悱恻缠绵.
　　清人明义《题红楼梦》诗里说：“伤心一首葬花词,似谶成真不自知.”黛玉这首抒情诗,实际上也是隐示其命运的谶语.她如一朵馨香娇嫩的花朵,悄悄地开放,又在狂风骤雨中被折磨得枝枯叶败,从世界上悄悄消逝.说这首诗是谶语,是就其整体的思想而言,并不是说每字每句都隐示着黛玉的具体遭遇.
　　当然,《葬花吟》中消极颓伤的情绪也是极其浓重且不容忽视的.它曾对缺乏分析思考能力的读者起过不良的影响.这种情绪虽然在艺术上完全符合林黛玉这个人物所处的环境地位所形成的思想性格,但毕竟因作者在某种程度上有意识借所倾心的人物之口来抒发自己的身世之感,而显露了他本身思想的弱点.我们同情林黛玉,但同时也看到这种多愁善感的贵族小姐,思想感情是十分脆弱的.
　　如果我们再把《葬花吟》同荣府中所有青年女子的命运联系起来思索,又觉得这不仅仅是黛玉一个人的诗谶,同时也是大观园群芳共同的诗谶.她们尽管未来的具体遭遇各不相同但在“有命无运”这一点上却没有两样,都是在“薄命司”注册的人物.随着贾家的败落,所有的大观园内的女孩儿都要陷于污淖、沟渠之中,都没有好命运.
　　[编辑本段]【电视剧插曲】
　　电视连续剧《红楼梦》的插曲《葬花吟》的曲作者为王立平（曾作曲《大海呀故乡》）.
　　演唱者是陈力,陈力在《红楼梦》剧中是柳嫂子的扮演者.
　　陈力,一个87版《红楼梦》音乐中脱颖而出的女歌手,可从未料到,《红楼梦》竟也成了她的绝版.
　　（配唱期间遭遇爱人不幸弃世,留下幼女.当她遭遇万劫不复的噩运时,与咏唱的人物产生了命运的认同感,生命里的悲伤与《红楼梦》传达的悲情相契合,正是由于对歌唱主体深刻而恰到好处的理解把握,由于个体生命经验的投入,最终才使她的演唱臻于化境.当多数歌者用胸腔和喉咙歌唱是,她却投入了心灵和生命.）一曲葬花词,千古绝唱.
　　87年版红楼梦中的歌词
　　花谢花飞飞满天 红消香断有谁怜 游丝软系飘春榭 落絮轻沾扑秀帘
　　一年三百六十日 风刀霜剑严相逼 明媚鲜妍能几时 一朝漂泊难寻觅
　　花开易见落难寻 阶前愁煞葬花人 独把花锄偷洒泪 洒上空枝见血痕
　　愿奴胁下生双翼 随花飞到天尽头
　　天尽头 何处有香丘 天尽头 何处有香丘
　　未若锦囊收艳骨 一抔净土掩风流 质本洁来还洁去 强于污淖陷渠沟
　　尔今死去侬收葬 未卜侬身何日丧 侬今葬花人笑痴 他年葬侬知是谁
　　天尽头 何处有香丘 天尽头 何处有香丘
　　试看春残花渐落 便是红颜老死时 一朝春尽红颜老
　　花落人亡两不知 花落人亡两不知 花落人亡两不知
　　[编辑本段]【英文赏析】
　　Song of the Burial of Flowers葬花吟
　　by Cao Xueqin [Qing Dynasty] (清) 曹雪芹
　　Flowers fade and fall and fly about up in the sky,
　　But who pities the loss of your fragrance when you die?
　　花谢花飞飞满天,红消香断有谁怜?
　　Like gossamer you float and land on pavilions,
　　With your fallen petals clung soft to fine curtains.
　　游丝软系飘春榭,落絮轻沾扑绣帘.
　　In my boudoir I sigh over the close of spring,
　　But there’s no way to express my sorrowful feeling.
　　闺中女儿惜春暮,愁绪满怀无释处.
　　Spade in hand, I go out from under my fine curtain,
　　To and fro on fallen petals, how can I bear treading?
　　手把花锄出绣帘,忍踏落花来复去?
　　Willow twigs and elm buds send sweet scents as they may,
　　Who cares when peach and plum petals are in decay?
　　柳丝榆荚自芳菲,不管桃飘与李飞.
　　Next year peach and plum trees will be in bloom again,
　　But who will be the master of my boudoir then?
　　桃李明年能再发,明年闺中知有谁?
　　In March lunar swallows have got their nests ready,
　　They on the beam seem to be those without mercy.
　　三月香巢已垒成,梁间燕子太无情.
　　Next year in their flight, fresh flowers they may peck, though,
　　All that they and I have will be lost, they never know.
　　明年花发虽可啄,却不道人去梁空巢也倾.
　　There are three hundred and sixty days in one year,
　　With you the elements of nature are severe.
　　一年三百六十日,风刀霜剑严相逼.
　　Time is not long for you to be bright and charming,
　　Your trace and track are hard to find in your drifting.
　　明媚鲜妍能几时?一朝飘泊难寻觅.
　　You are easy to see when open but hard when fallen,
　　Before the stairs I am worried where to find your remains.
　　花开易见落难寻,阶前闷杀葬花人.
　　Against the spade I lean and in secret weep sudden,
　　Splashed on your bare branches are my tears like bloodstains.
　　独倚花锄泪暗洒,洒上空枝见血痕.
　　The cuckoo ceases its warbling at twilight,
　　With my spade I return and shut the doors tight.
　　杜鹃无语正黄昏,荷锄归去掩重门.
　　I go to bed with a lone oil lamp still shining,
　　My quilt is not warm when a cold rain is falling.
　　青灯照壁人初睡,冷雨敲窗被未温.
　　I feel at heart it is a matter quite nerve-racking,
　　For I like spring or I feel sad over its leaving.
　　怪奴底事倍伤神?半为怜春半恼春.
　　Spring I love and my sorrow repair at a fast pace,
　　They come silent and go without leaving a trace.
　　怜春忽至恼忽去,至又无言去不闻.
　　Last night beyond pavilions sad song seemed rising,
　　Was it the souls of flowers or birds that were singing?
　　昨宵庭外悲歌发,知是花魂与鸟魂?
　　It is always hard to ask their souls to stay behind,
　　That birds are silent and flowers feel ashamed, I find.
　　花魂鸟魂总难留,鸟自无言花自羞.
　　I wish to have two wings under my arms to fly,
　　After you unto the farthest end of the sky.
　　愿奴胁下生双翼,随花飞到天尽头.
　　At the farthest end of the sky,
　　Where can I find the grave of your fragrance lie?
　　天尽头!何处有香丘?
　　Better in silk to shroud your petals fair,
　　With a handful of clean earth as your attire.
　　未若锦囊收艳骨,一抔净土掩风流.
　　For pure you have come and pure you repair,
　　Lest you fall into some foul ditch or mire.
　　质本洁来还洁去,强于污淖陷渠沟.
　　I hold a burial when you die today,
　　But there’s no telling when I pass away.
　　尔今死去侬收葬,未卜侬身何日丧?
　　Others laugh at me that have buried thee,
　　Who will be the one that shall bury me?
　　侬今葬花人笑痴,他年葬侬知是谁?
　　The end of spring makes flowers fall one by one,
　　It’s also the time when beauty meets its doom.
　　试看春残花渐落,便是红颜老死时.
　　Once beauty is carried to its very tomb,
　　Both beauty and flowers perish known to none.
　　一朝春尽红颜老,花落人亡两不知!
　　The poet and the background note:
　　Cao Xueqin (? ~1764) was one of the most famous novelists and poets in the history of Chinese literature. Born in an influential Manchurian bureaucratic family, he had high cultural accomplishments and outstanding competence for art. During the reign of the Qing Emperor Yongzheng, his father was involved in a political struggle within the ruling class, defeated, so his family suffered a heavy blow both politically and financially. Thereafter, his family circumstances deteriorated. However, adversity brought talent in return. It was when he was plunged in such an embarrassing circumstance that he had the chance to contact himself with the underprivileged of the then society, thus giving him specific, intense experience, and enabling himself to see better of life. He spent as was recorded, at least ten years busying himself with the production of the novel The Dream of the Red Chamber, in which, through a detailed description of the rise and fall of an influential oble family of that time, he created a great number of typical characters, conducted in-depth analyses and criticisms of the then evil society and, at the same time, sang ebullient praises of both the male and female youths who were considered heretical in pursuit of love. The Dream of the Red Chamber is seen as a great realistic masterpiece among the Chinese classic novels. But the novel reveals a kind of pessimism and sentimentalism past cure. With the tone of Lin Daiyu, one of the heroines in The Dream of the Red Chamber, the author Cao Xueqin blended human feelings with nature in this novel as if in confirmation of man’s helplessness in the presence of the change of nature and the flight of time. As is known to all that have read it, Lin is a sentimentalist who, taking as part of her life the enjoyment of flowers and moonlight, tends
　　To shed tears at the sight of flowers falling,
　　And feel sad when finding the moon waning.
　　In fact,
　　Flowers bloom and then flowers die,
　　There’s no need for her to give a sigh.
　　It is the very law of nature,
　　She ought not to take pains to bother.
　　Relentless away time flies,
　　Over the natural loss she cries.
　　She was born frail and tender,
　　Or because she’s a teenager.
　　The author intended his novel to be a tragedy, around the theme of which he spread all the plots in it. Here, in this poem he had his heroine Lin utter his aspirations to achieve the artistic effect.