英语翻译The value chain framework highlights how a firm's produc

英语翻译
The value chain framework highlights how a firm's products fit into the buyer's value chain.For instance,under the value chain framework,it is readily apparent what percentage the firm's product costs are in the buyer's total costs.The fact that paper constitutes over 40 percent of the total costs of a magazine is significant in encouraging the paper mill and the publisher to work together in cost reduction activities.The San Francisco Chronicle recently adopted JIT for paper delivery to its printing plant,a program only possible with close supplier cooperation.Since the value-added concept ignores activities after the product leaves the firm,it often does not highlight the degree of buyer power.
Emphasizing the Interdependence of Linked Activities Along a Value Chain
Value chain analysis explicitly recognizes the fact that the individual value activities within a firm are not independent,but rather are interdependent.For instance,at McDonalds,the timing of promotional campaigns (one value activity) significantly influences capacity utilization in "production" (another value activity).These linked activities must be coordinated if the full effect of the promotion is to be realized.As another example,Japanese VCR producers were able to reduce retail prices from $1,300 in 1977 to $298 by 1984 by emphasizing the impact of an early step in the chain (product design) on a later step (production) by drastically reducing the number of parts in VCRs [Hergert and Morris,1989].It is common to hear of conventional approaches to cost reduction which emphasize "across-the-board" cuts.However,by recognizing interlinkages,the value chain analysis highlights the possibility that deliberately increasing costs in one value activity can bring about a reduction in total costs.The expense incurred by P & G to place its order entry computers directly in Walmart stores significantly reduces overall order entry and processing costs for both firms.

价值链框架强调一个公司的产品是如何匹配买方价值链的.比如说,在价值链框架中,显而易见就是指消费者在此公司的消费成本占总消费成本的百分比.智障的成本在杂志总成本中占到多于40%的比例,这个重要的事实极大的激励了纸品制造商和杂志出版商通力合作,减少成本.旧金山纪事报最近采用JIT（准时制）,用于送纸去印刷厂,只有紧密与供应商合作,这个项目才有可能施行.附加值理论忽略产品离厂之后的活动,所以常常不够重视购买力的程度.
强调价值链各相关活动之间的相互依赖关系
价值链分析法明确认识到,公司内的个体价值活动不是独立的,而是相互依赖的.例如,在麦当劳,定时促销活动（一直价值活动）对产品生产效度（另一种价值活动）有重要影响.如果要促销活动的营销被充分认识到,这些相连接的活动相互合作.另一个例子,日本录像机生产商由于强调价值链中的前面环节（产品设计）对后面环节（生产）的营销,并大幅度减少录像机的零部件数目,零售价由1977年的1300美元下降到1984年的298美元.经常听说减少成本的传统方法,就是“全面削减”.然而,由于认识到内部链接,价值链分析法强调的是“故意增加某种价值活动的成本可以减少总体成本”的可能性.保洁在沃尔玛零售店时,直接将订单录入电脑所产生的费用,极大减少了双方整个录入和处理订单过程的成本.