英语翻译Much progress had been made in freeing trade over time.A

英语翻译
Much progress had been made in freeing trade over time.Among major western European and North American countries,average tariffs fell from 15 to 4 percent during 1952–2005.In many major developing economies,tariffs increased or remained very high until the 1980s but have since come down sharply.Brazil’s average rate declined from 51 percent in 1987 to 12 percent today; India’s average tariff fell from 71 percent in 1994 to 32 percent in 2002 and 13 percent today.Even in sectors where tariffs remain relatively high,there has been progress toward removing non-tariff barriers (NTBs).Important examples include textiles,clothing,and footwear (TCF),with the elimination (in the World Trade Organization Uruguay Round) of longstanding quota arrangements under the Multi-Fiber Agreement.In agriculture,the use of export subsidies and NTBs has been curtailed.Still,tariffs in these areas remain well above those in most other sectors.
This progress implies,however,that many countries now have ample scope to raise tariffs without exceeding their WTO tariff bindings.In undertaking the substantial liberalization mentioned above,many major developing economies have reduced tariffs to well below the WTO-bound tariff rate ceilings agreed in the Uruguay Round concluded 16 years ago.Average mostfavored-nation (MFN) tariffs are far below the average WTO bound rate in such countries as Brazil (18 percentage points),Argentina,and India.These countries have considerable scope to increase import tariffs without violating their WTO tariff commitments.
The pace of trade liberalization seemed to slow beginning from the early to the mid-2000s,leaving substantial trade restrictions in place prior to the crisis.As Figure 5 shows,overall import restrictiveness is about 5 percent for advanced economies,compared to about 15 percent for non-advanced,non-emerging market economies.Despite various preferences,exports from developing economies also face slightly higher restrictions in their export markets,as shown in the right side of the figure.

过去自由贸易已取得很大进展,西欧和北美的主要国家在1952年到2005年间平均关税水平已经由百分之十五下降为百分之四.1980年之前许多主要的发展中国家的关税处于增长状态或保持在较高水平,但自1980年后已大幅下降.巴西的关税平均税率由1987年的百分之五十一下降的到现今的百分之十二,印度关税平均税率由1994年的百分之七十一下降到2002年的百分之三十二继而下降到如今的百分之十三.即使关税水平仍相对较高的地区也朝着无关税壁垒方向努力.比如包括由于多种纤维协定的签订,长期配额安排被削减的纺织、服装和鞋类在内的重要的案例.农业领域,出口补贴的使用和无关税壁垒已被削减.即便如此,这些地区的关税水平人大大高于其他地区的大部分国家.但这种进展说明,许多国家如今在不僭越世贸组织的关税协定的前提下已有足够的能力来上调关税.在实施了上述的重大放宽限制后,许多主要的发展中国家已经把关税削减到大大低于16年前乌拉圭谈判中商定的世贸组织最高约束关税水准.一些国家的平均最惠国税率远低于平均世贸组织约束税率,比如巴西（百分之十八）,阿根廷和印度.在不违背本国世贸关税协议的前提下,这些国家有很大的进口关税税率上调空间.
贸易放宽限制的步伐自21世纪初期至中期似乎有所减缓,致使大量的贸易限制在危机之前发生.正如图5显示的,与欠发达和非新兴市场经济体大约百分之十五的税率相比,发达经济体的总体进口限制是大约百分之五.尽管存在各种偏好,正如图中右方显示的,发展中国家的出口在出口市场同样面临着一些较高的限制.