英语翻译TrialTrial,in a general sense,concerns investigation and

英语翻译
Trial
Trial,in a general sense,concerns investigation and decision of a matter in issue between parties before a competent tribunal,including all steps taken in the case from its submission to the trial court or jury to the rendition of judgment.A trial may be defined broadly and comprehensively as a judicial examination of the issues between the parties.
Trials are usually held before a judge sitting alone,a referee,or a judge and jury.In most states of the U.S.the details of trial in the various courts are regulated by the state codes of civil and criminal procedure and the state constitutions.Civil cases are divided into two classes:equity cases,which are usually tried by a judge sitting without a jury; and actions at law,which are usually tried before a jury.
Trial by Jury
In civil cased the right to a trial by jury may,in most jurisdictions,be waived.In some states the defendant may waive the right to be tried by a jury even in criminal cases,although in many jurisdictions the rule obtains that in all cases involving the commission of felonies the defendant must be tried by a jury.
Trial by Referee
In law in the U.S.,a referee is an attorney authorized by a civil court to act as an officer of the court in the determination of a proceeding or suit referred to the referee.Reference of an issue to a referee may be either voluntary or compulsory; it is most frequently resorted to in actions involving long and complicated accounts,such as bankruptcy actions,and in actions in which privacy and secrecy are considered desirable in the public interest,such as divorce actions.The findings and decision of a referee are submitted in a report which is filed with the court ordering the reference; a trial before a referee is terminated when the referee’s decision is confirmed by that court.
A trial conducted before a referee or a judge sitting alone is identical with a jury trial,except that the opening remarks and summations described above are omitted.
请不要机译，还有比较着急，

庭审
从普遍意义来说,庭审关系着在与案件相对应的法庭前双方对某一观点的调查和结论,其中包括案件中从提交案件到法庭或陪审团到判决的递交.庭审可以广义概括定义为双方对某一问题的司法审查.
通常情况下庭审成员是由一位法官,一位裁判,或者一位法官加上陪审团组成的.在美国大多数州,各法庭的庭审及其细节是由各州民事和刑事诉讼程序法典和州宪法进行规范的.民事案件可分为两类：权益类案件,主要是由一位法官进行裁定,且无陪审团；诉讼类案件,主要是由陪审团进行裁定.
由陪审团进行裁定
在民事案件中,由陪审团进行裁定的权利在大部分地区是可以放弃的.即使是在刑事案件中,虽然大部分州规定在涉及重罪的审判中必须由陪审团决定,但在有些地区被告也可以放弃由陪审团裁定的权利.
由裁判进行裁决
在美国的法律中,裁判是由民事法庭授权,以法院人员的身份的律师,在有其参与的案件中进行程序或诉讼方面的决定.对问题的裁定结果可以是义务性的,也可以是强制性的.此种情况多见于长期复杂的案件,如破产清算行为,或是那些相对于公共利益方面,对个人隐私和私密的保护显得较为重要的案件,如离婚诉讼.裁判的结论以报告的方式递交给法庭进行确认,再由法庭下发执行.裁判的裁决,其程序在决定经过法庭确认后即宣告结束.
裁判裁决或法官裁决与陪审团裁定具有相似之处,只不过省略了开场陈述和最终总结.