作业帮求一篇关于overfishing的英文材料
来源：学生作业帮 编辑：作业帮 分类：英语作业 时间：2024/10/04 11:02:39
求一篇关于overfishing的英文材料
这篇文章尽可能的以论述中国的过度捕鱼为住.
这篇文章尽可能的以论述中国的过度捕鱼为住.
China Combats Overfishing and Illegal Fishing
report from Embassy Beijing
China is investing serious money and effort in cutting the capacity of the nation's fishing industry.At the same time,it is promoting aquaculture --鈥渇ish farming鈥?- as an alternative.It is also taking steps to control illegal,unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing by blacklisting bad actors,tightening regulations,joining international fisheries regimes and,for the first time,conducting off-shore inspections.
Vessel Scrapping Program Funded at $160 Million
The Bureau of Fisheries鈥 biggest concern is overfishing.To address the problem,the Bureau has commenced a five- year vessel-scrapping program funded at $33 million per year -- serious money in China.The program aims at delicensing and scrapping a total of 30,000 ships,or 6,000 vessels each year,thus reducing the overall capacity of China's 440,000-ship fishing fleet by about 7%.During 2002,the program's inaugural year,China scrapped and withdrew the licenses of 5,000 ships.A related regulation mandates that new fishing vessels cannot be built unless the new unit will replace and inherit the license of an existing vessel.
The delicensing and scrapping program focuses on smaller,near-shore vessels.The Bureau of Fisheries believes that the retirement of those vessels will create a vacuum that will draw offshore fishermen closer in.Recent agreements with Japan and Korea have reduced China's offshore fishing grounds.The scrapping program is aimed in part at creating near-shore opportunities for fishermen currently working offshore.
Details on the size and nature of the boats that have actually gone to the shipbreakers are unavailable.We also do not know how compensation payments are adjusted according to the particulars of each individual boat.In theory,however,central government funds are passed to local governments,which then add some local funds and then recruit fishermen to participate in the program voluntarily.The Embassy hopes in the future to look more closely at how this is actually implemented in practice.
How Many Should Fish?-- Environment Versus Jobs
A corollary policy to the vessel-scrapping program is China's efforts to reduce its tally of active fishermen.Five million people currently work in the wild capture sector of the fisheries industry,with 20 million working in aquaculture.By confronting over-employment in fisheries,however,the Bureau of Fisheries comes face to face with China's overall unemployment and underemployment problems,which are particularly acute for farmers and semi-skilled workers.Although the Bureau of Fisheries has kicked off programs aimed at shifting fishermen from wild catch to aquaculture or fish processing work,these programs are relatively small and under-funded.Apparently,scraping together a budget for the vessel-scrapping program exhausted much of the Bureau of Fisheries鈥 bureaucratic capital.
The increasing mobility of China's labor force also contributes directly to the oversupply of fishermen and consequent overfishing.The Bureau of Fisheries hopes to deter additional poor farmers from becoming fishermen,but admits,"This is a problem for us; we cannot really keep them out." Although skilled workers such as fishing vessel captains can be monitored and controlled through mandatory licensing and training regulations,back-of-the boat labor is almost impossible to control.Average income for a fisherman ($500-$800 per year) is still as much as double what a farmer might earn.As long as that gap exists,there will be demand for work in the fishing industry,creating a dilemma for conservationists here.
Moratoria Stay in Place,Yangtze Ban Expanding
To mitigate overfishing pressures,the Bureau of Fisheries has imposed several regular fishing moratoria.Moratoria run three months a year (June 15 - September 15) in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea,and two months a year (June 1 - July 31) in the South China Sea (from the Taiwan Strait down to 20 degrees north latitude).In fresh water,there is currently a two-month fishing ban (February 1 - March 31) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze.The Bureau of Fisheries will expand this in 2003 to include a two-month (April 1 - May 31) ban in the upper reaches of the Yangtze.Qinghai Lake is in the 7th year of a 10-year fishing ban.There are no plans to lift or relax any of these moratoria.
Measures to Counter IUU Fishing
The Bureau of Fisheries sees the stemming of illegal,unregulated,and unreported (IUU) fishing as a second major goal.One tactic China adopted in 2002 is to require bilingual (thus harder to counterfeit and easier to enforce) fishing licenses to be on board fishing boats at all times.A second tactic is to require that fishing boats be licensed before they can leave the shipyard.Once the boat is on the water,enforcement of licensing laws becomes much more difficult.China has 20,000 vessels with 鈥 prepare yourself for another Chinese numerical slogan 鈥 the "three no's:" no name,no license and no port.
Taiwan seems to be a special target of counter-IUU measures.Of three special IUU fishing countermeasures,two relate specifically to Taiwan.Measure #1 forbids Chinese fishing companies from starting up joint ventures with Taiwan firms that have known records of IUU fishing.Measure #2 forbids Chinese fishermen from working on boats operated by these blacklisted Taiwanese companies.The program has practical difficulties,since the relationship between a vessel and its owner is sometimes not clear.The Bureau of Fisheries has no regulations governing Chinese crews working on vessels flagged in other countries.Measure #3 is a program to issue special identification documents to the 106 Chinese vessels that fish for tuna in distant waters.
First-Ever High Seas Inspection
Cooperative programs with the U.S.Coast Guard on fisheries law enforcement and shipriders have been tremendous successes,according to the Bureau of Fisheries.China's first-ever high seas boarding and inspection occurred in the North Pacific in November 2002.
The responsibilities of China's fisheries law enforcement bureau are narrower than the broader mandate of the U.S.Coast Guard,so it鈥檚 possible that overspecialization in China's bureaucracy has left the Bureau of Fisheries with insufficient enforcement resources.China has many small enforcement vessels,but only twenty larger ships.
A new Chinese law regulating distant water fishing may be passed in 2003,and may help control distant water IUU fishing.A national meeting of domestic fisheries officials will take place in February 2003,aimed at reinforcing central government messages concerning the implementation of vessel scrapping,control of IUU fishing and promotion of aquaculture.
FAO Aquaculture Subcommittee:Forum for Sustainability
The Bureau of Fisheries is proud of China's role in creating the Aquaculture Subcommittee of the Food and Agricultural Organization's (FAO) Committee on Fisheries (COFI).China believes aquaculture needs a special forum to discuss ways to make aquaculture sustainable.
Recurrent issues are residues from antibiotics and the need for global quality standards.China believes that the varying international standards currently being used put a heavy burden on exporters such as China.China will attend the second meeting of the Aquaculture Subcommittee in Norway this year.
In addition to the FAO session,China intends to participate in the following meetings and conferences this year:
Ø Meetings in May and October of the Multilateral High-Level Commission (MHLC) on highly migratory fish stocks;
Ø The November 17-23 ICCAT meeting in Dublin;
Ø A meeting in the U.S.on the Central Bering Sea;
Ø A meeting in December on Indian Ocean tuna;
Ø The APEC Fisheries Working Group meeting in Vietnam; and
Ø FAO's Committee on Fisheries (COFI) meeting at the end of February in Rome.
Bilaterally,China looks forward to participating in the 2003 High Seas Driftnet Shiprider Program.It also hopes to arrange the Third U.S.-China Fisheries Bilateral in the United States at the end of 2003 or the beginning of 2004.
report from Embassy Beijing
China is investing serious money and effort in cutting the capacity of the nation's fishing industry.At the same time,it is promoting aquaculture --鈥渇ish farming鈥?- as an alternative.It is also taking steps to control illegal,unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing by blacklisting bad actors,tightening regulations,joining international fisheries regimes and,for the first time,conducting off-shore inspections.
Vessel Scrapping Program Funded at $160 Million
The Bureau of Fisheries鈥 biggest concern is overfishing.To address the problem,the Bureau has commenced a five- year vessel-scrapping program funded at $33 million per year -- serious money in China.The program aims at delicensing and scrapping a total of 30,000 ships,or 6,000 vessels each year,thus reducing the overall capacity of China's 440,000-ship fishing fleet by about 7%.During 2002,the program's inaugural year,China scrapped and withdrew the licenses of 5,000 ships.A related regulation mandates that new fishing vessels cannot be built unless the new unit will replace and inherit the license of an existing vessel.
The delicensing and scrapping program focuses on smaller,near-shore vessels.The Bureau of Fisheries believes that the retirement of those vessels will create a vacuum that will draw offshore fishermen closer in.Recent agreements with Japan and Korea have reduced China's offshore fishing grounds.The scrapping program is aimed in part at creating near-shore opportunities for fishermen currently working offshore.
Details on the size and nature of the boats that have actually gone to the shipbreakers are unavailable.We also do not know how compensation payments are adjusted according to the particulars of each individual boat.In theory,however,central government funds are passed to local governments,which then add some local funds and then recruit fishermen to participate in the program voluntarily.The Embassy hopes in the future to look more closely at how this is actually implemented in practice.
How Many Should Fish?-- Environment Versus Jobs
A corollary policy to the vessel-scrapping program is China's efforts to reduce its tally of active fishermen.Five million people currently work in the wild capture sector of the fisheries industry,with 20 million working in aquaculture.By confronting over-employment in fisheries,however,the Bureau of Fisheries comes face to face with China's overall unemployment and underemployment problems,which are particularly acute for farmers and semi-skilled workers.Although the Bureau of Fisheries has kicked off programs aimed at shifting fishermen from wild catch to aquaculture or fish processing work,these programs are relatively small and under-funded.Apparently,scraping together a budget for the vessel-scrapping program exhausted much of the Bureau of Fisheries鈥 bureaucratic capital.
The increasing mobility of China's labor force also contributes directly to the oversupply of fishermen and consequent overfishing.The Bureau of Fisheries hopes to deter additional poor farmers from becoming fishermen,but admits,"This is a problem for us; we cannot really keep them out." Although skilled workers such as fishing vessel captains can be monitored and controlled through mandatory licensing and training regulations,back-of-the boat labor is almost impossible to control.Average income for a fisherman ($500-$800 per year) is still as much as double what a farmer might earn.As long as that gap exists,there will be demand for work in the fishing industry,creating a dilemma for conservationists here.
Moratoria Stay in Place,Yangtze Ban Expanding
To mitigate overfishing pressures,the Bureau of Fisheries has imposed several regular fishing moratoria.Moratoria run three months a year (June 15 - September 15) in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea,and two months a year (June 1 - July 31) in the South China Sea (from the Taiwan Strait down to 20 degrees north latitude).In fresh water,there is currently a two-month fishing ban (February 1 - March 31) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze.The Bureau of Fisheries will expand this in 2003 to include a two-month (April 1 - May 31) ban in the upper reaches of the Yangtze.Qinghai Lake is in the 7th year of a 10-year fishing ban.There are no plans to lift or relax any of these moratoria.
Measures to Counter IUU Fishing
The Bureau of Fisheries sees the stemming of illegal,unregulated,and unreported (IUU) fishing as a second major goal.One tactic China adopted in 2002 is to require bilingual (thus harder to counterfeit and easier to enforce) fishing licenses to be on board fishing boats at all times.A second tactic is to require that fishing boats be licensed before they can leave the shipyard.Once the boat is on the water,enforcement of licensing laws becomes much more difficult.China has 20,000 vessels with 鈥 prepare yourself for another Chinese numerical slogan 鈥 the "three no's:" no name,no license and no port.
Taiwan seems to be a special target of counter-IUU measures.Of three special IUU fishing countermeasures,two relate specifically to Taiwan.Measure #1 forbids Chinese fishing companies from starting up joint ventures with Taiwan firms that have known records of IUU fishing.Measure #2 forbids Chinese fishermen from working on boats operated by these blacklisted Taiwanese companies.The program has practical difficulties,since the relationship between a vessel and its owner is sometimes not clear.The Bureau of Fisheries has no regulations governing Chinese crews working on vessels flagged in other countries.Measure #3 is a program to issue special identification documents to the 106 Chinese vessels that fish for tuna in distant waters.
First-Ever High Seas Inspection
Cooperative programs with the U.S.Coast Guard on fisheries law enforcement and shipriders have been tremendous successes,according to the Bureau of Fisheries.China's first-ever high seas boarding and inspection occurred in the North Pacific in November 2002.
The responsibilities of China's fisheries law enforcement bureau are narrower than the broader mandate of the U.S.Coast Guard,so it鈥檚 possible that overspecialization in China's bureaucracy has left the Bureau of Fisheries with insufficient enforcement resources.China has many small enforcement vessels,but only twenty larger ships.
A new Chinese law regulating distant water fishing may be passed in 2003,and may help control distant water IUU fishing.A national meeting of domestic fisheries officials will take place in February 2003,aimed at reinforcing central government messages concerning the implementation of vessel scrapping,control of IUU fishing and promotion of aquaculture.
FAO Aquaculture Subcommittee:Forum for Sustainability
The Bureau of Fisheries is proud of China's role in creating the Aquaculture Subcommittee of the Food and Agricultural Organization's (FAO) Committee on Fisheries (COFI).China believes aquaculture needs a special forum to discuss ways to make aquaculture sustainable.
Recurrent issues are residues from antibiotics and the need for global quality standards.China believes that the varying international standards currently being used put a heavy burden on exporters such as China.China will attend the second meeting of the Aquaculture Subcommittee in Norway this year.
In addition to the FAO session,China intends to participate in the following meetings and conferences this year:
Ø Meetings in May and October of the Multilateral High-Level Commission (MHLC) on highly migratory fish stocks;
Ø The November 17-23 ICCAT meeting in Dublin;
Ø A meeting in the U.S.on the Central Bering Sea;
Ø A meeting in December on Indian Ocean tuna;
Ø The APEC Fisheries Working Group meeting in Vietnam; and
Ø FAO's Committee on Fisheries (COFI) meeting at the end of February in Rome.
Bilaterally,China looks forward to participating in the 2003 High Seas Driftnet Shiprider Program.It also hopes to arrange the Third U.S.-China Fisheries Bilateral in the United States at the end of 2003 or the beginning of 2004.