什么是半系动词?

什么是半系动词?

系动词是英语动词中比较活跃的一种动词类型.系动词可分为纯系动词和半系动词两种.纯系动词为各种形式的be动词.半系动词是兼有实义动词和纯系动词特征的动词.中学生受汉语思维的影响,往往错误地把be动词和动词原形连用；把半系动词当实义动词使用.下面我们以近年的高考试题为例对系动词的用法作一个较全面的总结,以便大家掌握.
一、纯系动词：纯系动词几乎可以和除动词原形之外的所有词类连用.Be动词的一般式有is am are；过去式有was were；过去分词是been；现在分词是being.例如：
(1)Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory______yet.(MET91)
A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecided
C.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided
(2)--Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation.Itwassonear.
--Yes.Ataxi______atallnecessary.(MET92)
A.wasn'tB.hadn'tbeenC.wouldn'tbeD.won'tbe
(3)Thenumberofpeopleinvited_____fifty butanumber
ofthem_____absentfordifferentreasons.(NMET96)
A.were wasB.was wasC.was wereD.were were
(4)ThereportersaidthattheUFO_____easttowestwhen
hesawit.(NMET2000)
A.wastravelingB.traveled
C.hadbeentravelingD.wastotravel
解析 此四题的答案分别为：AACA.由此可见：高考不是单纯地对纯系动词加以考查,而是把它和时态问题、语态问题、单复数问题以及主谓一致等问题一起考查.
二、半系动词：半系动词通常可以和形容词连用,有些半系动词可以和介词短语或asif等连词连用.现将半系动词分为四类进行讨论.
1、“感官动词”类：look feel smell taste sound等,例如：
(1)Thestorysounds_______.(MET89)
A.tobetrueB.astrueC.beingtrueD.true
(2)Thoseorangestaste_______.(MET91)
A.goodB.wellC.tobegoodD.tobewell
(3)--Areyoufeeling_______ (NMET92)
--Yes I'mfinenow.
A.anywellB.anybetterC.quitegoodD.quitebetter
(4)--Doyoulikethematerial
--Yes it______verywell.(NMET94)
A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt
(5)--Howareyoutoday
--Oh I______asillasIdonowforaverylongtime.
(NMET2000)
A.didn'tfeelB.wasn'tfeeling
C.don'tfeelD.haven'tfelt
(6)--Youdon'tlookvery______.Areyouill
--No I'mjustabittired.(北京春招2003)
A.goodB.wellC.strongD.healthy
(7)Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif
______whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.
(2003春招)
A.seeingB.havingseenC.tohaveseenD.tosee
解析 此七题的答案分别是DABCDBD.此类半系动词通常可以直接搭配形容词或like或asif等结构.此类半系动词一般不使用进行时或被动语态.第(7)题的asif后实际上省略了hewanted.
2、“状态变化”类：get turn go come become grow fall make等,例如：
(1)--Howlong_____eachotherbeforethey______married
--Foraboutayear.(NMET93)
A.havetheyknown get
B.didtheyknow weregoingtoget
C.dotheyknow aregoingtoget
D.hadtheyknown got
(2)Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget_____bythe
hour.(NMET98)
A.payB.payingC.paidD.topay
(3)Aswejoinedthebigcrowd Igot______frommy
friends.(NMET2001)
A.separatedB.sparedC.lostD.missed
(4)Becarefulwhenyoucrossthisverybusystreet.Ifnot
youmay______runoverbyacar.(北京春招2002)
A.haveB.getC.becomeD.turn
(5)--Howaretheteamplaying
--Theyareplayingwell butoneofthem______hurt.
(2002春招)
A.gotB.getsC.areD.were
解析 此五题的答案分别是DCABA.由此可见get后搭配过去分词构成系表结构是非常常见的一种搭配形式.它常表示一种状态,不强调动作.
3、“保持不变”类：stay lie stand keep remain continue等,例如：
(1)Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheold
couple butitremains______whethertheywillenjoyit.
(NMET2002)
A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen
(2)--Mummy canIputthepeachesinthecupboard
--No dear.Theydon't______well.Puttheminthe
fridgeinstead.(2002北京春
招)
A.keepB.fitC.getD.last
(3)Whydon'tyouputthemeatinthefridge
Itwill______freshforseveraldays.(NMET2003)
A.bestayedB.stay
C.bestaying
D.havestayed
解析 此三题的答案分别是BAB.此类半系动词后常搭配形容词、副词或不定式结构.
4、“好象似乎”类：look seem appear等.例如：
Doletyourmotherknow
allthetruth.Sheappears
______everything.(2001上海)
A.totellB.tobetold
C.tobetellingD.tohavebeentold
解析 此题答案是D.tell和she是被动关系,此处用不定式的完成式表示动作先于谓语动词而发生.此三词在英语中使用频繁,请注意它们的区别：(1)appear强调外表给人的印象,有时候含有实质上并非如此之意；seem暗示有一定根据的判断,这种判断往往接近真实；look着重指由视觉得出的印象.(2)Appear和seem后可接不定式todo 而look之后一般不接不定式；appear和seem可用于Itappears/seemsthat…结构中,而look不能；seem和look之后可接asif引导的从句或like引导的介词短语,而appear不能；appear和seem可用于therebe句型中,但look不能.例如：
Theyappearedtohavemisunderstoodhim.
Hishealthseemstobebetter.
Itlooksasifwearegoingtomissthetrain.
NorthWalesseemslikeagoodplaceforaholiday.
Thereseems/appearstobenoneedtogonow.
Exercises
Completethesesentences using〃fall seem appear sound
go stand remain make becomeorgrow〃.
(1)Ithinkhe_____agoodpresident soIamgoingtovote
forhim.
(2)Thevillage_____deserted andnotevenadogwasto
beseen.
(3)Theengine_____allrighttome infactIthinkitis
runningverysmoothly.
(4)Attheageof18monthsshe_____deafandblind.
(5)Whentheyheardthenews thegroupsuddenly_____silent.
(6)Thenoisefromthecrowd_____louderandlouder.
(7)Thehousewill_____anothercentury.
(8)Theideaofwritingdownhermemoriesofhim_____a
goodone.
(9)Thenewsofourtripmust______asecretforalittle
longer.
(10)Whenhewascaughtbythepolicehe_____crazyand
shoutedandfought.
Keys
(1)willmake(2)appeared
(3)sounds(4)became(5)fell
(6)grew(7)stand
(8)seemed(seems)
(9)remain(10)went
系动词与高考苍溪县城郊中学张志鹏
V-ing形式,即现在分词作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等.例如：
BeingaChinese Iamveryproudofourcountry'sbrilliant
ancientcivilization.(原因)
作为中国人,我为祖国灿烂的古代文明而自豪.
Hearingthegoodnews allofuswerewildwithjoy.(时间)
听到这个消息,我们欣喜若狂.
Seeingmyparentswavinginthecrowd Iwentrunningto
them.(时间；方式)
一看到父母在人群中向我招手,我就向他们跑了过去.
Withallthenationbeingconcernedwithhim YangLiwei
succeededintravelingaroundtheearthinspace.(伴随)
在全国人民的关注下,杨利伟成功地进行了绕地球的太空飞行.
Timepermitting I'lldropinonafewofmyoldfriendsbeforeIleave.(条件)
时间允许的话,我会在离开前去拜望几位老朋友.
学习现在分词时,必须注意以下五点：
(1)与过去分词的区别.现在分词具有进行时态和主动语态的特点,而过去分词具有完成时态和被动语态的特点.试比较：
Theenemyfledinapanic leavingbehindalotofdeadbodiesandweapons.
敌人丢下许多尸体和武器,慌忙逃走了.
Defeatedandfrightened theenemyfledinapanic.
敌人失败了,也吓坏了,慌忙逃走了.
分析：前一例中的现在分词leaving在句子中作伴随状语,具有主动含义；后一句中的过去分词defeated和frightened表原因,具有被动和完成时态的含义.
(2)与逻辑主语的主谓一致问题.使用分词时,难点(也是重点)之一就是分词与它的逻辑主语的一致性问题.这一点初学者最容易出错.判断使用现在分词还是过去分词的依据是：这个分词与它的逻辑主语,即它前面或后面的句子中的主语是什么关系.若是主谓关系,就用现在分词；若是动宾关系,就用过去分词.
请看下面的例句：
Allmetalsarefairlyhard comparedwithnonmetals.
与非金属相比,金属是相当硬的.
Comparingallthegreatpeoplewitheachother you'llfindthattheyhavemuchincommon.
把伟人们进行比较,你会发现他们有许多共同点.
分析：这里都用了compare一词作状语.但由于前一例的逻辑主语是metal,与作状语的分词是动宾关系(即metals在逻辑上是compare的宾语),所以必须用过去分词；后一例逻辑主语是people,与作状语的分词是主谓关系(即people在逻辑上是compare的主语),所以必须用现在分词作状语.
(3)现在分词的否定式 其基本结构是：not+v-ing,即使在完成式或者被动式里,否定副词not也必须置于整个分词结构之首.这一点,过去分词、不定式和动名词也不例外.例如：
NothavingfoundanyevidenceofmassdestructionweaponsinIraq Bushgovernmentcan'tstillmaketheinternationalsocietyconvinced.
由于还没有在伊拉克找到大规摸杀伤性武器,布什政府仍不能让国际社会信服.
注：在现代英语里,有时也可见把not置于having等之后的现象.
(4)现在分词的时态和语态.
1、现在分词具有两种时态：一般式和完成式.现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时发生；完成式则表示先于谓语动词的动作前发生.时比较：
Whiledevelopinghispowerofthought manfirstbegantoidentifyandcountobjects.
人类在发展自己的思考能力时,首先从识别物体和计数开始.
Havingdevelopedfor100years thefilmisenteringabrand-newperiod.
经过100年的发展,电影业正进入一个全新的时代.
分析：前一例的现在分词developing用一般式,表示与句子的谓语动词began同时发生和进行；后一例则表示develop发生在enter之前,所以用现在分词的完成式.一般而言,当有for-或since-短语修饰时,现在分词须用完成式.
(5)分词(短语)的功能相当于一个状语从句.根据这个性质,我们在使用现在分词作状语时,切记不要在前面或后面的句子前用连词连接.例如：
Walkingonthefallenleavesinautumn soyou'llfeelverycomfortable.
分析：如前所述,分词短语相当于一个状语从句,所以后面句子前的连词so的用法是错误的,应该去掉,即原句应改成：
Walkingonthefallenleavesinautumn you'llfeelverycomfortable.
走在秋天的落叶上,你会感到非常舒服.
巩固性练习用括号里所给动词的适当形式填空：
1.____(live)inasoutherncityofChina Ihaveneverseensuchawonderfulsnowview.
2.____(notgrow)upyet you'renotallowedtoenterthebars.
3.____(encourage)bythedirector theactorsperformedwonderfullyintheplay.
4.Withallthetaps____(run) howmuchwateryou'llwasteaday
5.Withallthewires____(damage) workershadtostopworkingandwaitedathome.
6.Tomakeall____(relax) hetoldusstoriesoneafteranotherontheway.
7.When____(heat) abodywillexpand(膨胀).
8.Thete
mperatureofwaterremainsconstant(恒定不变)while____(boil).
Keys
1.Living2.Nothavinggrown
3.Encouraged4.running
5.damaged6.relaxed
7.heated8.boiling