作业帮帮我把一段英语翻译成中文
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帮我把一段英语翻译成中文
2. Crack Formation and Crack Control
Crack formation refers to the incidence of any narrow, irregular opening of indefinite dimensions resulting from shrinkage, flexural or direct tension stresses, or internal expansion resulting from the products of corrosion or deleterious
aggregates. The incidence of flexural and direct tension cracking that occurs at various stages is defined in relation to the stresses in the reinforcement at the cracked section (Reis et al. 1964). Since steel has a constant Young’s modulus (at service load levels) regardless of grade, this approach is possibly better described with respect to steel strain, rather than stress. The following brief description of load-induced cracking in a tension zone is based on that reported by Reis et al.
The first stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks produced by shrinkage, corrosive effects, and low flexural loads in which the measured steel strain is well below es = 0.0005 [fs & 100 MPa (14 ksi)]. Cracks of this type are referred to as primary cracks. The second stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks that result from the difference in inextensibility between the concrete and steel,
and the bonding forces that exist between the two. Cracks formed by this mechanism are referred to as secondary cracks. Secondary crack formation is usually studied by examining the portion of the beam between two adjacent primary cracks or by analyzing the model of an axially loaded reinforced concrete prism in tension (as is done in this study). The steel strains during the second stage of cracking are usually greater than 0.0005. There is considerable disagreement among the theories of secondary cracking concerning the significance of the variables involved, especially the nature of the bond stress distribution along the reinforcement between adjacent primary cracks. The third stage of cracking, also referred to as the equilibrium stage, occurs when no further secondary cracks can be formed, and existing cracks continue to widen. The steel strain is usually greater than 0.001 [fs & 200 MPa (30 ksi)] at this stage of cracking. Although the initiation of primary
cracks is important, the main concern of this research is with the distribution of second and third stage cracks, which occur at higher steel stresses.
2. Crack Formation and Crack Control
Crack formation refers to the incidence of any narrow, irregular opening of indefinite dimensions resulting from shrinkage, flexural or direct tension stresses, or internal expansion resulting from the products of corrosion or deleterious
aggregates. The incidence of flexural and direct tension cracking that occurs at various stages is defined in relation to the stresses in the reinforcement at the cracked section (Reis et al. 1964). Since steel has a constant Young’s modulus (at service load levels) regardless of grade, this approach is possibly better described with respect to steel strain, rather than stress. The following brief description of load-induced cracking in a tension zone is based on that reported by Reis et al.
The first stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks produced by shrinkage, corrosive effects, and low flexural loads in which the measured steel strain is well below es = 0.0005 [fs & 100 MPa (14 ksi)]. Cracks of this type are referred to as primary cracks. The second stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks that result from the difference in inextensibility between the concrete and steel,
and the bonding forces that exist between the two. Cracks formed by this mechanism are referred to as secondary cracks. Secondary crack formation is usually studied by examining the portion of the beam between two adjacent primary cracks or by analyzing the model of an axially loaded reinforced concrete prism in tension (as is done in this study). The steel strains during the second stage of cracking are usually greater than 0.0005. There is considerable disagreement among the theories of secondary cracking concerning the significance of the variables involved, especially the nature of the bond stress distribution along the reinforcement between adjacent primary cracks. The third stage of cracking, also referred to as the equilibrium stage, occurs when no further secondary cracks can be formed, and existing cracks continue to widen. The steel strain is usually greater than 0.001 [fs & 200 MPa (30 ksi)] at this stage of cracking. Although the initiation of primary
cracks is important, the main concern of this research is with the distribution of second and third stage cracks, which occur at higher steel stresses.
2.Crack Formation and Crack Control裂纹形成和裂纹控制
Crack formation refers to the incidence of any narrow,irregular opening of indefinite dimensions resulting from shrinkage,flexural or direct tension stresses,or internal expansion resulting from the products of corrosion or deleterious aggregates.裂纹形成指的是任何狭窄,不规则的尺寸大小不定的开口.开口成因或者是来自于收缩,弯曲的或直接的压力,或者是产品腐蚀或者有害的聚合物.
The incidence of flexural and direct tension cracking that occurs at various stages is defined in relation to the stresses in the reinforcement at the cracked section (Reis et al.1964).弯曲或者直接压力造成裂缝发展的不同阶段是根据裂纹发生部分压力增强相比较而言的（里斯等人1964）.Since steel has a constant Young’s modulus (at service load levels) regardless of grade,this approach is possibly better described with respect to steel strain,rather than stress.因为各种等级的钢都有恒定不变的杨氏常量(处于不同的服务负荷水平),这种研究方法可能通过钢材所受的张力而不是压力才能进行更好地描述.
The following brief description of load-induced cracking in a tension zone is based on that reported by Reis et al.下面关于拉力受力区域由于负荷过重产生的裂纹的简单描述是基于里斯等人的报告.
The first stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks produced by shrinkage,corrosive effects,and low flexural loads in which the measured steel strain is well below es = 0.0005 [fs & 100 MPa (14 ksi)].Cracks of this type are referred to as primary cracks.The second stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks that result from the difference in inextensibility between the concrete and steel,and the bonding forces that exist between the two.Cracks formed by this mechanism are referred to as secondary cracks.裂纹的第一阶段与因为收缩,腐蚀作用和低度弯曲载荷造成的各种裂纹有关,在这一阶段测得的钢材所受张力远低于es=0.0005 [fs & 100 MPa (14 ksi)].这种裂纹被称为初级裂纹.第二阶段的裂纹与来自于混凝土和钢材之间的非延展性以及粘合力差别导致的裂纹有关.在这种机制下行程单各种裂纹被称为二级裂纹.
Secondary crack formation is usually studied by examining the portion of the beam between two adjacent primary cracks or by analyzing the model of an axially loaded reinforced concrete prism in tension (as is done in this study).
二级裂纹的形成通常是通过检验两个相近的初级裂纹之间的横梁部分来进行研究,也可以通过分析承受拉力的轴心负压的混凝土棱柱模型来进行研究（就像在这个研究中进行的那样）
The steel strains during the second stage of cracking are usually greater than 0.0005.There is considerable disagreement among the theories of secondary cracking concerning the significance of the variables involved,especially the nature of the bond stress distribution along the reinforcement between adjacent primary cracks.在裂纹的第二阶段钢材所受的各种压力通常强度都大于0.0005.关于各个变量重要性的各派二级裂纹理论之间存在很大的差异,尤其是相邻初级裂纹之间增强部位凝结力的分布本质的讨论差异更多.
The third stage of cracking,also referred to as the equilibrium stage,occurs when no further secondary cracks can be formed,and existing cracks continue to widen.The steel strain is usually greater than 0.001 [fs & 200 MPa (30 ksi)] at this stage of cracking.
第三阶段的裂纹,也被称为平衡阶段.在此阶段,二级裂纹已经不能继续形成,而现存的裂纹继续扩大.在此阶段,钢材所受压力通常大于0.001[fs & 200 MPa (30 ksi)] .
Although the initiation of primary cracks is important,the main concern of this research is with the distribution of second and third stage cracks,which occur at higher steel stresses.
尽管初级裂纹的发生非常重要,这次研究的主要焦点是第二阶段和第三阶段的裂纹分布问题,而第二阶段和第三阶段的裂纹是在较大的钢材压力下发生的.
仅供参考,欢迎指正
再问： 在吗
再答： 在，欢迎您来问。
Crack formation refers to the incidence of any narrow,irregular opening of indefinite dimensions resulting from shrinkage,flexural or direct tension stresses,or internal expansion resulting from the products of corrosion or deleterious aggregates.裂纹形成指的是任何狭窄,不规则的尺寸大小不定的开口.开口成因或者是来自于收缩,弯曲的或直接的压力,或者是产品腐蚀或者有害的聚合物.
The incidence of flexural and direct tension cracking that occurs at various stages is defined in relation to the stresses in the reinforcement at the cracked section (Reis et al.1964).弯曲或者直接压力造成裂缝发展的不同阶段是根据裂纹发生部分压力增强相比较而言的（里斯等人1964）.Since steel has a constant Young’s modulus (at service load levels) regardless of grade,this approach is possibly better described with respect to steel strain,rather than stress.因为各种等级的钢都有恒定不变的杨氏常量(处于不同的服务负荷水平),这种研究方法可能通过钢材所受的张力而不是压力才能进行更好地描述.
The following brief description of load-induced cracking in a tension zone is based on that reported by Reis et al.下面关于拉力受力区域由于负荷过重产生的裂纹的简单描述是基于里斯等人的报告.
The first stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks produced by shrinkage,corrosive effects,and low flexural loads in which the measured steel strain is well below es = 0.0005 [fs & 100 MPa (14 ksi)].Cracks of this type are referred to as primary cracks.The second stage of cracking is concerned with those cracks that result from the difference in inextensibility between the concrete and steel,and the bonding forces that exist between the two.Cracks formed by this mechanism are referred to as secondary cracks.裂纹的第一阶段与因为收缩,腐蚀作用和低度弯曲载荷造成的各种裂纹有关,在这一阶段测得的钢材所受张力远低于es=0.0005 [fs & 100 MPa (14 ksi)].这种裂纹被称为初级裂纹.第二阶段的裂纹与来自于混凝土和钢材之间的非延展性以及粘合力差别导致的裂纹有关.在这种机制下行程单各种裂纹被称为二级裂纹.
Secondary crack formation is usually studied by examining the portion of the beam between two adjacent primary cracks or by analyzing the model of an axially loaded reinforced concrete prism in tension (as is done in this study).
二级裂纹的形成通常是通过检验两个相近的初级裂纹之间的横梁部分来进行研究,也可以通过分析承受拉力的轴心负压的混凝土棱柱模型来进行研究（就像在这个研究中进行的那样）
The steel strains during the second stage of cracking are usually greater than 0.0005.There is considerable disagreement among the theories of secondary cracking concerning the significance of the variables involved,especially the nature of the bond stress distribution along the reinforcement between adjacent primary cracks.在裂纹的第二阶段钢材所受的各种压力通常强度都大于0.0005.关于各个变量重要性的各派二级裂纹理论之间存在很大的差异,尤其是相邻初级裂纹之间增强部位凝结力的分布本质的讨论差异更多.
The third stage of cracking,also referred to as the equilibrium stage,occurs when no further secondary cracks can be formed,and existing cracks continue to widen.The steel strain is usually greater than 0.001 [fs & 200 MPa (30 ksi)] at this stage of cracking.
第三阶段的裂纹,也被称为平衡阶段.在此阶段,二级裂纹已经不能继续形成,而现存的裂纹继续扩大.在此阶段,钢材所受压力通常大于0.001[fs & 200 MPa (30 ksi)] .
Although the initiation of primary cracks is important,the main concern of this research is with the distribution of second and third stage cracks,which occur at higher steel stresses.
尽管初级裂纹的发生非常重要,这次研究的主要焦点是第二阶段和第三阶段的裂纹分布问题,而第二阶段和第三阶段的裂纹是在较大的钢材压力下发生的.
仅供参考,欢迎指正
再问： 在吗
再答： 在，欢迎您来问。