英语翻译In the earlier days of computer communication,these issu

英语翻译
In the earlier days of computer communication,these issues meant that only closed communities of computers (that is,from the same manufacturer) could communicate with each other in a meaningful way.IBM’s Systems Network Architecture (SNA) and DEC’s Digital Network Architecture (DNA) are just two examples of communication software packages produced by manufacturers to allow their systems to be interconnected together.These proprietary packages,however,of which there are still many in existence,do not address the problem of universal interconnectability,or open systems interconnection.In an attempt to alleviate this problem,the ISO,in the late 1970s,formulated a reference model to provide a common basis for the coordination of standards developments and to allow existing and evolving standards activities to be placed into perspective with one another.The ultimate aim was to allow an application process in any computer that supported the applicable standards to freely communicate with an application process in any other computer supporting the same standard,irrespective of its origin of manufacture.This model was termed the ISO Reference Model for Open System Interconnection.It should be stressed,however,that this model is not concerned with specific applications of computer communication networks.Rather,it is concerned with the structuring of the communication software that is needed to provide a reliable,data transparent communication service (which is independent of any specific manufacturers equipment or conventions) to support a wide range of applications.
Some examples of application processes that may wish to communicate in an open way are:
A process in a banking terminal that may wish to initiate a debit or credit operation on a remote system;
A process (program) executing in a computer and accessing a remote file system;
A process acting as a centralized file server to a distributed community of (client) processes;
A process controlling a piece of equipment and linked a manufacturing or plant control supervisory system;
A process in an office workstation accessing an electronic mail service;
A process acting as an electronic mail server to a distributed community of (client) processes.
Open systems interconnection (or OSI) is concerned with the exchange of information between such application process and its objective is to enable such processes in real systems to cooperate in achieving a common (distributed ) information processing goal.
最好是手工翻译，工具翻译的老师根本不看的，所以..

在早前的日子计算机通信,这些问题,意味着只有封闭的社区电脑（也就是从同一制造商） ,可以相互沟通的一种有意义的方式.IBM的系统网络体系结构（ SNA ）与12月的数字化网络架构（ DNA ）的只是其中的两个例子的通信软件套件制造商生产的,让自己的系统相互连接在一起.这些专有的软件包,但其中仍然存在着许多存在的,不解决这个问题的普遍性interconnectability ,或开放系统互连.为了试图缓解这一问题,国际标准化组织,在20世纪70年代末,制定了一个参考模型,以提供一个共同的基础,为协调标准的发展情况,并让现有及不断演进的标准活动置于成角度与对方.最终的目标是让一个申请过程中任何一台计算机支持的适用标准,以自由沟通的一个应用程序的过程中,在任何其他的计算机,支持相同的标准,而不论其来源的制造.这种模式被称为国际标准化组织参考模型为开放系统互连.应当强调的,然而,这个模式并不关心特定应用的计算机通信网络.相反,它是与构建的通信软件,这是需要提供一个可靠,透明的数据通信服务（这是独立于任何特定厂商的设备或公约） ,以支持广泛的应用.
一些应用实例流程不妨沟通,在开放的方式是：
在银行终端不妨主动借记或信贷运行于远程系统;
一个进程（程序）执行,在计算机和访问远程文件系统;
作为一个中央文件服务器,以分散国际社会（客户）的过程;
一个过程控制一台设备,并联系一个以制造业或植物控制监控系统;
是在办公室工作站进入一个电子邮箱服务;
作为一个电子邮箱服务器,以分散国际社会（客户）的进程.
开放系统互连（ OSI ）以关注与之间的信息交流,这样的申请过程,其目的是使这些过程在实际系统中进行合作,实现共同的（分布式）信息处理的目标.