英语翻译The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the

英语翻译
The Beginning of Drama
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.The argument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning,human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable,and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites.As time passed some rituals were abandoned,but the stories,later called myths,persisted and provided material for art and drama.
Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music,dance,masks,and costumes were almost always used,Furthermore,a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate,a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition,there were performers,and,since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites,religious leaders usually assumed that task.Wearing masks and costumes,they often impersonated other people,animals,or supernatural beings,and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle,the coming rain,the revival of the Sun-as an actor might.Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.
Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.According to this vies tales (about the hunt,war,or other feats) are gradually elaborated,at first through the use of impersonation,action,and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person.A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.

戏剧的起源
在古希腊,对于戏剧的起源有很多不同的说法.但现今最为广泛接受的是"戏剧是由宗教典礼演变而来的"这种假设.关于焦点的争论有一下几种不同的看法.在最初时期,人们开始观察大自然的威力,甚至认为季节的转化都是不可预知的,他们搜寻不同的方法来掌控这些神秘而又令人畏惧的力量.这些为达到预期结果而采取的方法在当时被保留了下来,并被宗教祷告的形式所代替.最终,关于这种传说引发出的不同的解释,为这种宗教仪式蒙上了一层神秘的面纱.
那些相信戏剧是从宗教仪式中分离出来的学者,从流传至今的音乐,舞蹈,面具,以及服饰推断,认为这些仪式是歌剧萌发的起点.此外,一处当时用作表演的遗址显示,这种仪式不是大家平起平坐的,在表演区和观众席之间有明显的分界.还有一些表演者的角色,因为考虑到仪式的重要性,为了避免在仪式当中出现差错,往往都会由宗教部落的首领会充当.带着面具,穿着特别的装束,他们会象演员一样扮演某些人,动物,神灵,模仿在将要到来的战争中胜利的场面,祈求降雨,太阳的重升.这种戏剧表现形式最终从宗教活动中分离出来了.
另一种关于戏剧起源的说法,源于人们喜欢讲故事.通过这些故事(故事关于狩猎,战争,以及别的技能)逐渐经过后人的加工,最初以将故事者的角色扮演和对话形式流传,后来用不同的人来扮演故事中的不同角色.关于戏剧更进一步的理论依据是舞蹈有合拍的节奏和动作,或者有模仿动物的活动和叫声.