英语翻译Rats and Men “Insoluble Problems” ---S.I.HayakawaProfess

英语翻译
Rats and Men “Insoluble Problems” ---S.I.Hayakawa
Professor N.R.F.Maier of the University of Michigan performed a series of experiments several years ago in which “neurosis” is induced in rats.
The rats are first trained to jump off the edge of a platform at one of two doors.If the rat jumps to the right,the door holds fast,and it bumps its nose and falls into a net; if it jumps to the left,the door opens,and the rat finds a dish of food.When the rats are well trained to this reaction,the situation is changed.The food is put behind the other door,so that in order to get their reward they now have to jump to the right instead of to the left.(Other changes,such as marking the two doors in different ways,may also be introduced by the experimenter.) If the rat fails to figure out the new system,so that each time it jumps it never knows whether it is going to get food or bump its nose,it finally gives up and refuses to jump at all.At this stage,Dr.Maier says,“many rats prefer to starve rather than make a choice.”
Next,the rats are forced to make a choice,being driven to it by blasts of air of an electric shock.“Animals which are induced to respond in the insoluble problem situation ,”says Dr.Maier,“settle down to execute regardless of consequences… The reasons chosen under these conditions becomes fixated…Once the fixation appears,the animal is incapable of learning an adaptive response in this situation .”When a reaction to the left-hand door is thus fixated,the right-hand door may be left open so that the food is plainly visible.Yet the rat,when pushed,continues to jump to the left,becoming more panicky each time.When the experimenter persists in forcing the rat to make choices,it may go into convulsions,racing around wildly,injuring its claws,bumping into chairs and tables,then going into a state of violent trembling ,until it falls into a coma.In this passive state,it refuses to eat,refuses to take any interest in anything; it can be rolled up into a ball or suspended in the air by its legs ----the rat has ceased to care what happens to it.It has had a “nervous breakdown.”

大鼠和人不溶于水的问题”——-S.I”.Hayakawa
教授N.R.F.Maier密歇根大学进行了一系列的试验几年前在“神经症”是在老鼠.
老鼠是第一跳下车,训练的边缘的一个平台,两扇门.如果鼠跳向右,门口抓住房屋,它撞它的鼻子,陷入网罗;如果它跳转到左边,门打开的时候,老鼠发现一碟菜.当老鼠是训练有素的这种反应,情况发生了变化.食物放在背后的另一扇门,所以为了得到报应他们现在不得不跳转到正确的而不是到左边.(其他的变化,比如庆祝两门以不同的方式,也可以由实验者.)如果鼠未能找出新的系统,所以每次跳跃它从来都不知道它是否会去找食物,或者撞鼻终于放弃了,拒绝跳.在这个阶段,博士说:“很多人的、可靠的专门产品供应商,而不是更大鼠饿死做出选择.”
其次,老鼠被迫做出选择,被逼到它的空气的电击.“动物诱发反应的情况,”说不能解决的问题,“定居患病的、可靠的专门产品供应商,不管后果…执行的原因,在这样的情况下,就要选择…一旦成为固定的显现,动物不能学习,在这种情况下,提出了一种自适应反应.”当反应是左手门,右边的门就要被留下的食物是开放以致清晰可见.然而,当老鼠,继续跳转到左边,变得更加惊慌失措.当实验者继续迫使老鼠,它可以选择进入惊厥、赛车左顾右盼,爪子受伤,撞到椅子和桌子,然后进入了状态,直到它剧烈颤动陷入了昏迷.在这种被动局面,它拒绝吃,拒绝任何感兴趣的东西;它可以卷起进一个球或悬浮在空气通过它的腿——老鼠已经不再关心到底发生了什么.它有一个“精神崩溃.”